Yeyiphi amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza: eshushu okanye ebandayo? Ntoni kusiya

Enyanisweni, ezinye amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza, eshushu okanye ebandayo, abachatshazelwa izinto ezininzi, kodwa umbuzo ngokwako kubonakala a bit limnqakathi. Kuyaqondeka, yaye yaziwa ukusuka physics ukuba amanzi ashushu kusafuna ixesha ukuze kuphole ubushushu amanzi abandayo lifaniswa ukuba babuyele ngumkhenkce. Amanzi abandayo Ungatsiba nyathelo kunye, ngokulandelelana, ekuhambeni kwexesha iyaluphumelela. Kodwa impendulo umbuzo ukuba amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo - phandle engqeleni, uyazi yonke mmi ezinezinga wasentla. Enyanisweni, ngendlela yenzululwazi, kubonakala ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imeko, amanzi abandayo nje benyanzelekile ukuba ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza.

Bendicinga nje kunye notitshala physics, elijikajikayo umfundi Erasto Mpemba ngo-1963 kunye nesicelo ukucacisa ukuba kutheni umxube abandayo ice elizayo cream emkhenkceni ixesha elide ngaphezu efanayo, kodwa eshushu.

"Asindim yemvelo ihlabathi, yaye ezinye yemvelo Mpemba"

Ngelo xesha, utitshala bahleka kanye malunga naloo nto, kodwa Deniss Osborne, unjingalwazi ophanda, enibe ngemoto kwakweso sikolo sinye, apho wayefunda Erasto, ngokomfuniselo kungqinwa khona i isiphumo enjalo, nangona ingcaciso ukuba kwakungelula. Ngowe-1969, kweli phephancwadi Popular Science wapapasha iphepha ehlanganyelwayo ngamadoda amabini, abaye wachaza olu hlobo isiphumo. Ukususela ngoko, ngasendleleni, umbuzo apho amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo, igama layo - isiphumo okanye indida Mpemba.

Lo umbuzo kudala

Ngokwendalo, ngaphambi kwale meko kwenzeka ukuba, yaye oko kukhankanyiwe imisebenzi ezinye izazi. Umfundi kuphela unomdla kulo mbuzo, kodwa ixesha ecinga Frensis Bekon, Rene Dekart, nkqu uAristotle. Yiloo kuphela iindlela ekusombululeni leli phuzu waqalisa ukujonga kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Iimeko indida kwenzeka

Njengoko kwimeko ice cream, hayi nje amanzi oqhelekileyo ngumkhenkce phakathi nokuhlola. Kufuneka kubekho iimeko ezithile ukuze uqale ingxoxo apho amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo. Yintoni kuchaphazela indlela le nkqubo?

Ke kaloku, kule nkulungwane yama-21, wabeka phambili inani iinketho leyo ukuze achaze danyj kephofu. Oko amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza, eshushu okanye ebandayo, ukuze kuxhomekeka kukuba amanzi ashushu enze ngaphezu ebandayo, izinga ngumphunga. Ngenxa yoko, umthamo wayo kunciphisa, yaye uba ezincinci njengokuba nokuncipha umthamo kunye nexesha neGauteng, kunokuba xa sithatha enye umthamo yokuqala yamanzi abandayo.

Kudala defrosted efrijini

Enyanisweni, ezinye amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza, yaye kutheni oku kwenzeka, zingachaphazela lining ikhephu ezinokuthatha indawo efrijini efrijini, ezisetyenziselwa nokuhlola. Xa sithatha izikhongozeli ezibini ziyafana ubukhulu, kodwa omnye wabo uya kuba amanzi ashushu, kunye nezinye - abandayo isitya samanzi kunye zinyibilikile eshushu ngaphantsi ikhephu, ukuze ngokwenjenjalo kuphuculwe qha umaleko wobushushu kunye nodonga ifriji. Le container ngamanzi abandayo akakwazi ukwenza oku. Ukuba lunenwebu loo kwekhephu iifriji inako ukungenwa ngamanzi abandayo kufuneka shushu ngokukhawuleza.

Top - ezantsi

Kwakhona, lo mkhuba apho amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo, sicacisiwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Emva imithetho ethile, amanzi abandayo iqala ukuba ngumkhenkce ukusuka maleko phezulu xa kushushu does it enye indlela ngeenxa - iqala ukuba ngumkhenkce ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. Ngoko kubonakala ukuba amanzi abandayo, ukuba umaleko ongaphezulu kunye kwiindawo ezibandayo umkhenkce sele ukusekwa ngokwayo kuguga njalo iinkqubo පිළිතුරු iimpendulo kunye radiation thermal, ngaloo ndlela wachaza ukuba amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo. Iifoto experiments andilociko iqhotyoshelweyo, yaye nantsi into ibonakale ngokucacileyo.

Ubushushu ephuma, ejolise phezulu, yaye wahlangatyezwa kunye ibhedi kubanda kakhulu. indlela Free radiation ubushushu ayifumaneki, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokupholisa kuba nzima. imiqobo efana endleleni yayo engafanelekanga amanzi ashushu. Yintoni ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo, oko kuxhomekeke ekubeni yintoni isiphumo kusenokwenzeka, anokufikelela impendulo ukuba nawuphi na amanzi into ethile lichithakale kuyo.

Elimsulwa kule ekwakhiweni emanzini njengomba echaphazela kwisiphumo

Ukuba akukho none abanye, ukusebenzisa amanzi kunye nokwakheka enye, apho ukufumaneka kwezinto ezithile ziyafana, ngoko ke amanzi abandayo kufuneka emkhenkceni ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ukuba le meko efanayo lwenzeka xa imichiza onyibilikisiweyo ifumaneka kuphela emanzini ashushu nabandayo ngexesha elifanayo abanayo, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngumkhenkce yamanzi ashushu ngaphambili. Isizathu kukuba izinyibiliki emanzini ukudala amaziko crystallization, kunye nenani elincinci kula maziko ajike amanzi kwimeko okuqinileyo kunzima. Mhlawumbi nokuba supercooled amanzi, ngengqiqo ukuba sub-zero ubushushu, kuya kuba ukwimeko engamanzi.

Kodwa zonke ezi nguqulelo, kuyabonakala ukuba, de kube sekupheleni oosonzululwazi abalungelelanisiweyo kwaye baqhubeka ukusebenza kulo mba. Ngo-2013, iqela labaphandi e Singapore wathi ukuba bakwazi ukusombulula iqhina ubudala ubudala. Iqela oosonzululwazi base-China ithi imfihlelo yale isiphumo sisixa amandla, nto leyo igcinwa phakathi molekyuli amanzi kuqhagamshelwano alo, nezaziwa hydrogen.

Impendulo evela izazinzulu Chinese

Ingcaciso engaphezulu iya kulandela, kuba ukuqonda apho kuyimfuneko ukuba ulwazi abanye chemistry ukuqonda uhlobo lwamanzi ngumkhenkce oko ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo. Njengoko yaziwa, molecule amanzi ali-athom ezimbini H (hydrogen) kwaye enye atom O (oksijini) zibanjwa kunye ngeentambo covalent.

Kodwa atom hydrogen kwakhona abangatshatanga kunye iimolekyuli bathanda iimolekyuli eselumelwaneni, ukuba icandelo labo ioksijini. Kuyinto kwezi ntambo kuthiwa hydrogen.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngaxeshanye, iimolekyuli zamanzi kusebenza kwezinye lamela ngamnye. Izazinzulu ziye zaphawula ukuba ukufudumeza amanzi kwandisa umgama phakathi iimolekyuli kunye negalelo kule mikhosi nje sisenzo. Kubonakala ukuba imixokelelwane hydrogen, ukuthatha umgama omnye phakathi molecule e ngurhulumente ezibandayo kunokuthiwa ndisolule, yaye isixa-mali esikhudlwana wamandla. Oku le amandla agcinwe uyakhululwa xa iimolekyuli zamanzi aqale ukusondela omnye komnye, oko kukuthi, kukho kobubi. Kubonakala ukuba amandla enkulu agcinwe emanzini ashushu kunye nokwandisa ukukhululwa yayo phezu okupholisa ukuya ziingqele, oko ngokukhawuleza emanzini abandayo, apho unikezelo lwamandla kangako. Ngoko ke amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo? Esitratweni kwaye elabhoratri kufuneka ibe imangalisayo Mpemba kunye namanzi ashushu kufuneka ijike ibe ice ngokukhawuleza.

Kodwa ke umbuzo namanje evulekile

Kukho nje isiqinisekiso theoretical component umkhondo - zonke fomyula ezibhaliweyo kwaye ezintle kubonakala zincomeka. Kodwa xa iziphumo experimenti apho amanzi ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza - eshushu okanye ebandayo, ziya kusiwa ngengqiqo, yaye iziphumo zabo ziya kwenziwa, ngoko kuya kuba lula ukuba siqwalasele lo mba indida Mpemba ivaliwe.