Ukuhlaziya nokulinganisa imisipha: i-anatomy. Iimpawu zesisu zomzimba

Bonke abantu banemihla embi neyimihle, iziganeko ezivuyayo nezibuhlungu, into eyenzekayo evuthayo, ikhubekisa, icatshukisa okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ibangela ukuhlwithwa okungaqondakaliyo, kubangela umdla kunye nolonwabo. Ngexesha elifanayo ubuso bethu nje yincwadi apho ungafunda yonke imizwa.

Kodwa kutheni oku kwenzeka? Yintoni ekhoyo kwisakhiwo sobuso esivumela ukuba sihluke, sinobubele, sinomdla kwaye sininzi ngokubonisa iimvakalelo? Kuvela ukuba luyimfuneko yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezihlunu. Kuzo ngabo esiza kuthetha ngazo kweli nqaku.

Imbali yesifundo kunye nokufumanisa izakhiwo ze-muscle

Ngethuba lokuqala, ubukho bemisipha emzimbeni womntu kwathiwa ngasemva. AmaYiputa, amaRoma, amaPersi, amaTshayina akhankanya kwiincwadi zabo malunga nalezi zakhiwo phantsi kwesikhumba somntu. Nangona kunjalo, inkcazo yezihlunu ezinjalo zihlangane kakhulu kamva. Ngoko, uLeonardo da Vinci wenza igalelo elikhulu kulo. Kwimizobo engamaphepha angama-600 kwi-human anatomy, eyashiya ngasemva, ininzi yayo izinikezelwe kwiimisipha, indawo yayo emzimbeni, kwisakhiwo, ukubonakala. Kwakhona, inkcazo yezihlunu zifumaneka kwimisebenzi ka- Andreas Vesalius.

I-physiology yomsebenzi wemisipha yafundiswa ngaba lulandelayo lulwazi kwishumi elinesibhozo neshumi elinesibhozo:

1. ULiigi Galvani - wafumanisa into eyenziwa yimimandla yombane kwiimisipha kunye nezicubu zezilwanyana.
2. U-Emile Dubois-Reymond - wakha umthetho obonisa umphumo wezinto ezikhoyo kwiimveliso ezikhoyo
3. UN Vvedensky - uchaze kwaye wamisa i-optimum ne pessimum yokuxhaswa kwamandla kwiimisipha
4. UG. Helmholtz, J. Liebig, uWislitzenus, uVa. Ya. Danilevsky nabanye - bafunde ngokubanzi kwaye bachaza zonke iimpawu zomzimba zokusebenza kwezicubu zomzimba, kuquka ukutshintshwa kwentsholongwane ngexesha lokuzivocavoca kunye nokutya kwesondlo.

Kwinqanaba langoku lokuphuhliswa, malunga nantoni zonke iinkcazo zeengcamango zoluphi na uhlobo olusebenzayo lweemfibisi ze-muscle sele zenziwe. I-Electrophysiology, i-biochemistry, i-anatomy kunye nezinye iinzululwazi ziye zafaka isandla ekuhlanganiseni isiseko solwazi olubanzi kule ndawo, kubaluleke kakhulu kwiyeza.

Inombolo nencazelo yemisipha yomntu

Ingqikithi kukho iisisundu ezingama-640 emzimbeni womntu, ngamnye ozalisekisa umsebenzi wakhe okhethekileyo. I-anatomy of the muscle yiseti yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zakhiwo.

Imisipha (okanye imisipha) yizitho zomntu, okuyi-set of muscle fibers (iiseli zobunzima obukhulu) obunomzekelo ogqithisileyo okanye owenziwe ngokugqithisileyo. Zibanjwe kunye nezicubu ezixhumeneyo zesakhiwo esingavumelekanga. Emzimbeni womntu yakha inkqubo epheleleyo yemisipha yamathambo (izikhwebu ezithwetshiwe) kunye nokuxhamla izitho ezininzi kunye neempahla (izicubu ezipholileyo).

Ukwahlula

Ngokwemisebenzi eyenziwe, izihlunu zihlukaniswe ngamaqela alandelayo:

1. Ukucima.
2. Phambili.
3. Abaphathi.
4. Sphincters.
5. Dilator.
6. Rotator.
7. Flexors.
8. Ukwandisa.
9. Ukwahlula.
10. Izivakalisi.

Kukho ukuhlengahlengiswa kwemisipha ngokwendawo yabo emzimbeni womntu. Ngoko, bahlula:

• Imisipha ye-trunk (engaphandle kunye nezulu);
• Imisipha yamaphethelo;
• Imisipha yentloko (ukulinganisa nokuhlafuna).

Ifomu

Ngokwale nkalo, kukho iindidi ezi-7 eziphambili zezihlunu, iqela ngalinye lilapha kwaye lisebenza kwinqanaba elithile lomzimba wabantu.

1. Ifom
2. Square.
3. Flat.
4. Imigca echanekileyo.
5. YeThathu.
6. Cirrhous.
7. Isetyhula.

Inatomy of the muscle

Isisundu ngasinye sinalo isicwangciso esifanayo sesakhiwo sangaphakathi: ngaphandle kwe-epimisis-into ekhethekileyo ye-shell-shell, eveliswa zizicubu ezinxulumene. Ukusuka ngaphakathi kungumgca wemisipha yemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo, edibeneyo ngenxa ye-endomysia - izicubu ezinxibelelwano. Ngelo xesha, umgca weemitha zegazi kunye ne-capillari ifanelekile kwisisundu ngasinye ukwenzela ukunikezwa oksijini okwaneleyo ngexesha lokusebenza. Iimvumba zithatha iimveliso zokubola kunye necarbon dioxide. Amagulane ahlabayo iifayili ahlinzekela ukuqhuba, ukukhutshulwa kunye nokuphendula okukhawulezayo kunye nomsebenzi (umsebenzi).

Iiseli zesisundu zineenombolo eziliqela, kuba ngexesha losebenzayo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla okushisa ngenxa yemithachondria ezininzi. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuxhamla isisu ngenxa yeeprotheni ezikhethekileyo: i-actin kunye ne-myosin. Banikezela lo msebenzi, kubangela ukuqhekeka kwe-myofibril - inxalenye yentengiso yefiber muscle.

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yeemfayili ze-muscle yintsebenziswano kunye nokukhutshulwa, enikezelwa ngokusebenzisana ngokubambisana kwamathambo kunye neeprotheni izakhiwo kwaye zilawulwa yinkqubo yesantya (central brain and spinal cord).

Imisipha yentloko

Eli qela liquka iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili. Eziphambili zi:

• Imisipha ebusweni (ukufanisa izihlunu) - inoxanduva lobuso, ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwemvakalelo;
• Ukuhlafuna - yenza umsebenzi ofanayo.

Ukongeza kubo, izihlunu ziyahluka:

• I-Eyeball;
• Ossicles Auditory;
• ULwimi;
• Isibhakabhaka;
• Inqatha.

Ubungqamaniso besakhiwo sazo zonke izihlunu zentloko, ngaphandle kwesihlama, kubandakanya ukungabikho kwe-fascia - "isikhwama" esikhethekileyo apho zonke izihlunu zifumaneka kwaye zifakwe ngqo kumathambo. Ngako oko, inxalenye enkulu yabo ngecala elinye linamathele emathanjeni, kanti enye-ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwesikhumba, idibanise ngokuqinileyo nayo kwisakhiwo esinye.

Imisipha yomzimba: iintlobo

Eyona nto ibonisa umdla kwaye ibonisa ngokucacileyo umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle, nje imisipha yomzimba. Ngombulelo kumsebenzi owenziwe, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuloba ubuso bomntu, bafumene negama labo - bafanise iimisipha.

Zininzi zazo. Emva koko, kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule indlela iimvakalelo zethu ezinokumangalisa kunye ezihlukahlukeneyo ezinokuthi, ukuze siqonde ukuba akunakwenzeka ukujamelana nomsebenzi onjalo okanye wedwa. Ngoko ke, izihlunu zobuso zisebenza njengeqela lonke, kwaye zikhona ezine kuphela zazo:

1. Ukuqulunqa igumbi lokunyusa.
2. Ukwenza ujikelezo lomlomo.
3. Iingxowa zomphunga.
4. Ukwenza isangqa samaso.

Makhe siqwalasele iqela ngalinye ngokubanzi.

Imisipha yendlu

Imisipha yomzimba yentloko, eyenza igumbi le-cranial, limelelwe yipilipital-frontal, eqhotyoshelwe kwisigqoko se-tendon. Isigqoko ngokwawo iteton edibanisa ngokuqhelekileyo imisipha ibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-occipital kunye nephambili. Umsebenzi oyintloko owenzayo izidumbu zomzimba kukuba kusetyenziswe iifolda ezijikelezayo zesikhumba ebunzini lomntu.

Eli qela liquka imisipha yeendlebe zangaphambili nangemva. Isenzo esona sikhulu kukuvumela ukuba i-auricle ihambe, iphantsi, phambili nangemva.

I-muscle engqamlekileyo yombumba iyinxalenye yezakhiwo zendlu. Umsebenzi oyintloko kukuhamba kwesikhumba ngasemva kwentloko.

Iimisipha ezenza umda welihlo

Le yimizimba ebonakalayo ebusweni bobuso. I-anatomy yabo ayifaki ukubonakalisa ubukho be-fascia, kodwa ukuma kwezi zakhiwo zihluke.

1. Imisipha yesetyhula ejikeleze ngokupheleleyo iliso ebumbini ngaphantsi kwesikhumba. Iqukethe iindawo ezintathu eziphambili: i-ophthalmic, i-eyelsidi kunye neengqumbo. Isenzo - ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwamehlo, ukulawula i-teardrop, ukuhlahla iinyawo, ukucola iifumba ebunzini.
2. Imisipha, i-wrinkling eyebrows, ifakwe kwi-bone yangaphambili ukuya kwesikhumba seenki. Umsebenzi: ukwakheka kweengcambu zexesha elide kwibhulorho yempumlo.
3. Imisipha yabakhukhumeleyo - igama ngokwayo lithetha ngeentsingiselo - iifom ezijikelezayo zisezantsi kwempumlo, zinika ubuso bubonakalisa ukuziqhenya nokungenakwenzeka.

Ezo zihlunu zomzimba zivumela abantu ukuba bachaze iimvakalelo zabo kuphela ngamehlo abo, amehlo kunye nesikhumba kubo. Kuninzi kunokuthetha ngaphandle kwamagama ngenxa yezinto ezinjalo zesakhiwo somzimba womntu.

Imisipha eyenza umjikelezo womlomo

Akubalulekanga nakwezinye iinthambo zobuso ebusweni. Ubunzima beli qela leemisipha limele ngesakhiwo setyhula ejikeleze ukuvula ngomlomo. Zininzi izihlunu ezisisiseko eziphikisanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abanye babo banweba umlomo, kwaye enye, ngokuchaseneyo, iyanciphisa.

1. Umsi womlomo, obizwa ngokuba yi-setyhula. Isenzo: unciphisa umlomo kunye nemilomo ehamba phambili.
2. Izihlunu zesebe (ezinkulu kunye ezincinci). Imisebenzi: vumela ikona yomlomo ukuba ihambe, iphantsi kunye necala.
3. Iimpawu zesisu zomzimba zomlomo kukuba zivumela ukuba zihambe. Ngoko, umzekelo, kwisiseko somhlathi ophezulu kukho imisipha evumela ukuphakamisa umlomo ophezulu. Ekufuphi ikhona enye ephakamisa kunye nephiko lempumlo.
4. Isihlunu sesisu. Ixabiso: udonsa ikhoneni lomlomo ngecala, kunye nokuqhekeka ngokufanayo kumacala omabili kuvumela ukuba udwebe ubuso obuphakathi kwezihlathi.
5. Umsizi wokuhleka. Isenzo: ivumela iingxenyana zomlomo ukuba zolule ngokukhawuleza.
6. Iimbumba zomzimba ezimbini. Iimpawu zesisu zomzimba zolu hlobo ziqulethwe kukuba enye yazo ayizinzile, inokuncitshiswa. Umsebenzi: unikezele intshukumo yesikhumba, kwaye udonse umlomo ophantsi.
7. I-Muscle, yehlisa umlomo ophantsi. Intsingiselo ngokutsho kwegama.

Leyo yonke imilomo eyintloko ibonisa imisipha ebusweni, i-anatomy evumela umntu ukuba amomothe, athethe, abonise uvuyo kunye nokungazithobeli, ahambe umlomo wakhe.

Imisipha ejikeleze impumlo

Eli qela liquka kuphela izihlunu ezibini kuphela:

• Umzimba wesisu unamalungu angaphakathi nangaphandle. Isenzo: ukubonelela ngeentshukumo kunye neempumlo;
• Imisipha, yehlisa i-septum yempumlo phantsi.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwinqanaba lempumlo kukho imisipha emibili yobuso. I-anatomy yabo ayifani na kwezinye ezixoxwe ngentla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqela ahlongozwe ngasentla ehlotsheni, umlomo, impumlo kunye ne-cranial vault yizona zinto ziyinxalenye yobuso buso. Ngombulelo kubuninzi beemisipha, abantu bayakwazi ukuhambisa uluvo lweemvakalelo, baxubane nabanye ngaphandle kwamagama baze baxhase amabinzana kunye nesibonakaliso esifanelekileyo.

Imizimba yezimpawu zibandakanya izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ezijongene nokubunjwa kwemibimbi ngexesha lokuguga. Yingakho onke amaziko abandakanyekayo kwioplastiki kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo zifuna iingcali eziqeqeshe kakhulu ezikwazi ukuxhamla imisipha ukuba isebenze.

Ukuthunga imisipha: iintlobo

Imisundu kunye nezihlunu zokuhlafuna ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuso kunye nentloko. Ukuba iziko ezili-17 ezahlukileyo zingezowokuqala, ngoko kwiqela lesibini - kuphela 4. Kodwa ke, ezi zihlunu ezine zokuhlafuna zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bomntu, kwakunye nokugcina i-oval ebusweni obuhle. Makhe siqwalasele ukuba zeziphi izakhiwo ezingezantsi.

1. Ukuhlafuna - onamandla, oqeqeshwe ngumntu ngexesha lokutya, umsizi. Itholakala kwiindawo ezimbini: zizinzulu kwaye zingenanto. Iqala ukusuka kumgca we-zygomatic kwaye ifake kwiimisipha zomhlathi osezantsi.
2. Ixesha lexeshana - liqala ukusuka kwisihlomelo sesithambo lesantya kwaye silula ukuya kumhlathi osezantsi.
3. I-Pterygoid i-latal - inamalungu amabini: inhloko ephezulu nephantsi. Iqala ukusuka kummandla wesithambo se-sphenoid kwaye iphelela kwimisipha yomhlathi osezantsi, ukwenza ukuxubana okunzima kunye nabo.
4. I-pterygoid medial nayo ivela kwithambo le- sphenoid ukuya kumhlathi osezantsi.

Zonke ezi zihlunu zihlangene ngokuqhelekileyo kwemisebenzi eyenziwe, esiyicinga ngoku.

Imisebenzi

Ngokwemvelo, ekubeni izihlunu zivela kwiqela lokuhlafuna, ngoko-ke isenzo sabo siya kuhambelana: ukubonelela ngokunyanzelanayo komhlathi:

• Ukuhlafuna - umhlathi wezantsi uphakamisa kwaye uqhube phambili.
• I-Medial - inikeza i-lateral kunye nezinye izinto ezihambayo zomhlathi.
• I-Lateral - inemisebenzi efana kunye nomlambo.
• Ixesha lexeshana ngumsizi omkhulu weentshukumo zokuhlafuna. Ukhupha umhlathi ophantsi ohamba phambili, kwaye uvumela ukuba uphakamise phezulu uze uvale umhlathi ophezulu.

Ukongezelela, sisisundu sexesha lexesha esinika umntu udini, ukhathele kunye nokubonakala. Ukuba unesibindi sokuphazamiseka, uxinzelelo olunzima kunye noxinzelelo lwexesha elide, umzimba uya kunciphisa umzimba, kwaye umntu uthatha inkulumo echanekileyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-muscle ye-temporal iyancipha kwaye, ifaniswe ngesikhumba ebusweni, ibonakala ngokutshintsha ukukhululeka kwayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, kunokugqitywa ukuba iimpawu kunye nokuhlamba i-designers ebusweni bethu, ukuvumela ukwakha naluphi na amazwi, ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokutshintsha i-grimaces eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye nabo bakuvumela ukuba uhlafune, ngokungathandabuzekiyo enye yeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zobomi bezinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kuquka abantu.