Iiglasi ze-Quartz: iimveliso zeprojekthi, i-GOST. I-Quartz glass optical: isicelo

I-Glass - enye yezinto ezidlulileyo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi wabantu ngenxa yeempawu eziphathekayo kunye neepropati. Ngethuba lokuhlala kwalo (kwaye le minyaka engaphezu kwe-5 000) i-formula yekhemikhali yayo yayisenziwa ngokufanayo, kuphela iimpawu zayo zitshintshile.

Iglasi leQuartz

Kule minyaka, abantu baye bafuna ukudala ingilazi ebalahlekileyo kunye nokuchasene nezinto ezinobungozi. Ngenxa yesiphumo esinjongo, iiglasi ze-quartz zavela-uhlobo olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwezinto eziphathekayo ezibonakalayo. Mhlawumbi, yilo glasi eliza kubangela ulwalathiso loluntu oluphuhlisayo. Iglasi yeQuartz yikhiqizo ye-silicon oxide (SiO ₂ ). Ngokungafani neglasi eqhelekileyo, le nto ifumaneke kwi-amorphous state, oko kukuthi, ayinayo i-melting point. Kwiintlobo ezininzi ngenxa yeli quartz yepropati, okanye i- silicate, igalazi ifumane isicelo esikhulu kwi-shishini.

Ulwakhiwo lweglasi le-quartz

I-amorphicity of material ichazwe yindlela yayo, esekelwe kwi-silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. Ama-molecule a-SiO ₂ "adibene" omnye nomnye ngenxa yokukhangwa kwamathambo e-oksijini. Bonke benza ama-grids amathathu, nangona kunjalo ukuba akukho myalelo ochanekileyo kwilungiselelo leemlekyuli ezinxulumene nomnye. Kungenxa yoko iiglasi ze-quartz ziphethe iipropati zezixhobo zamathambo.

I-glass ye-Silicate, njengesiqhelo, ifumaneka ngokukrazula izinto eziluhlaza. Ngaloo ndlela, i-crystal e-white crystal, i-quartz ene-veart, isanti ye-quartz, kunye ne-silika efumaneka ngeendlela zokufakelwa ingasetyenziswa.

Ukwahluka kweglasi ye-quartz kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo

Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezinto ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo, ezinye iipropati zemveliso yokugqibela nazo zichongiwe. Ngoko, ukufumana i-crystal ecacileyo kunye nebala ebonakalayo usebenzisa i-rock crystal.

Uluhlu oluphambili phakathi kweglasi ye-silicate kunye neglasi eqhelekileyo yindawo ephakamekayo-ngaphezulu kwe-1500 ° C. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-silicon oxide iqala ukukhupha umbane okhanyayo kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo, oko kukuthi, iqala ukukhanya.

Ngenxa yesakhiwo se-amorphous yezinto ezibonakalayo, inkqubo yokunyibilika ingaqhubeka ixesha elide. Ukubunjwa kwe-Molten kune-viscosity ephezulu, engavumelekanga ukuba isisigxina okanye sihambe. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuvelisa ingilazi ye-quartz kunye nobukhulu bodonga olufanayo.

Imveliso yokuvelisa

Ukujonga zonke ezi mpawu, ukuveliswa kweglasi ye-silicate kunokwenzeka kuphela kwizixhobo ezizodwa. Kwi-smelters kufuneka igcinwe ukushisa okuphezulu, kwaye ekudalweni kweemveliso zeglasi kuyimfuneko ukugcina umlambo welangabi elivulekileyo kwiqondo lokushisa lika-1800 ° C nangaphezulu.

Iimfuno ezizodwa zifakwe kwigumbi lokuvelisa - kufuneka libe yinyumba. Inani elincinci lamanqwenyana angaphandle liza kubakhokelela ekugqibeleni ukuba iziglasi ze-quartz ezigqityiweyo ziya kutshatyalaliswa kwaye zilahlekelwe yimpahla yazo. Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zifanele zikholiswe ngabasebenzi bokuvelisa - iziglasi zeglasi. Kufuneka bajongane namaqondo aphezulu aphezulu - iphutha elinye ngethuba lomsebenzi linokubangela ukulimala okukhulu, ukutshisa.

Zonke iinjongo eziphambili zeglasi zixhobo zenziwe ngezinto ezinqande ukushisa ukushisa - i-granite, i-tungsten, ephakathi kwezinye izinto, ezinzima kakhulu. Ngoko ke, abasebenzi kufuneka babe namandla kwaye bakomezele.

Iipropati zeglasi ze-quartz

I-glass ye-Silicate ine-conductivity ephantsi yamandla kagesi, ngoko isetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-dielectric kwizixhobo zombane ezinzima. Iipropati eziphambili ezifanelekileyo, eziphi iiglasi ze-quartz, zinokuhlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

1. Ukushisa. Ukuchasana namaqondo aphezulu (1200 С ^о ), ukulingana okuphakamileyo kokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa (amaxesha ama-15 aphezulu ngaphezu kweglasi eqhelekileyo), ebangela ukungabikho kokukhawuleza okubalulekileyo kunye nokushisa okubalulekileyo (kwimveliso, umkhiqizo ucolile nge-jet yamanzi eqhwa).
2. Amachiza. I-Glass ayikho nto, ayiphendulanga ngayo yonke i-alkalis ne-acids, ngaphandle kwe-phosphoric kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid (impendulo iqala kumaqondo ashushu ngaphezulu kwe-300 ° C).
3. Optical. Isalathisi sokurhoxiswa kweglasi ye-quartz ngamaxesha angaphantsi kwama-150 kune-galasi evamile (n _e = 1.46). Ngenxa yolu, ngokugqithiseleyo ayidluli nje ilanga kunye nokukhanya okuqhelekileyo, kodwa akayi kulibazisa i-infrared okanye i-ultraviolet imisebe.

Zonke ezi zakhiwo zivumela ukusetyenziswa kweglasi ye-quartz njengezinto zokwakha, kunye nokuveliswa kweglasi ye-laboratory, izixhobo zokusebenza, izixhobo zombane, izinto zokukhanyela ezinokutsha. Enye yezona ndawo eziphambili zesicelo sayo kukuveliswa kwee-fibers optical.

Iglasi ye-quartz ebonakalayo

Kuxhomekeke kwi-teknoloji esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweglasi ye-quartz inokuthi i-opaque nebala. Kwimeko yokuqala, isakhiwo sayo siza kuba neqela elikhulu lobuthakathaka begesi, oluza kutshabalalisa ukukhanya. Igalazi engafaniyo, okanye iglasi ye-quartz ebonakalayo, njengokuba ibizwa nangokuthi, ihambelana ngokupheleleyo, ayiqukethe iibhulabhu. Ngenxa yolu hlobo, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweetambo ezibonakalayo zokudluliselwa kwedatha ephezulu, ii-lens optical kunye neeprisms.

Iitampu kunye nochungechunge lweglasi

Kukho imida emininzi yeglasi yokukhanya: KU-1, KI, ne-KV. Imveliso ihluke phakathi kwabo ngokwazi ukuhambisa imbonakalo ebonakalayo, i-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared radiation. I-glass ye-KI-inokukwazi ukuhambisa ukukhanya kwi-width of 2600-2800 nm, ubuncinane be-KV. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenzisiweyo, amandla okudlulisa ukukhanya okuhlukeneyo anokufumana iglasi ye-quartz. I-GOST 15130-86 iqulethe ulwazi malunga noluhlu lwesithathu:

• 0 - izinto ezisetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo;
• 100 - iglasi, enganyangekiyo kwimisebe ye-ionising force;
• 200 - izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, ezinokusetyenziswa kwiimeko zeemitha zomoya ezinamandla.

Ukwenza kunye neziqendu zeglasi zenza umgangatho wokuvelisa. Isetyenziswe kwimveliso kwaye inquma uhlobo oluthile lweglasi. Elizweni lethu akukho nkqubo enye yokubethela, ngoko ke ishishini ngalinye lichaza iimveliso zalo ngokuqonda kwayo.

Ububanzi besicelo

Inani elikhulu leemveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo zenziwe ngeglasi ye-silicate. Kwii-laboratories zenzululwazi nezorhwebo, ii-quartz zeglasi zamathala zifunekayo, ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amanqanaba amanzi, ukuvelisa ama-heaters kagesi, ukuziphatha ngendlela yamachiza kunye nokugcina izinto ezinobundlobongela.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso efunyenwe kunye ne-glass opaque. Isetyenziswe kuyo yonke indawo ukulawulwa kwemveliso yamanzi kuyadingeka kumaqondo aphezulu kwaye, ngenxa yendleko eziphantsi, isetyenziswe kwihlabathi jikelele.

Igalagi ebonakalayo isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kunye nokwakhiwa kwee-roketi, ngokukodwa ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokukhanyisa. Kwizityalo ze-petrochemical, le nto ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuchasana kwayo kwiikhemikhali kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula utywala obunamandla. Ngeenqwelo-moya, zagubungela i-cabin, kwaye zazisetyenziselwa ukutsalwa kwe-thermal.

Abavelisi bavelisa iimveliso ngokuhambelana neemfuno zeGOST 22291-83. Iiklasi ze-Quartz, iibhubhu, iifestile, iifrime, iilensi kunye nezinye iimveliso zenziwe zimbini kwaye zizimele.