I-Dmitrovsky Porcelain Factory: iimbali, izithethe, i-modernity

NgesiRashiya ubomi bemihla ngemihla, i-porcelain yenziwa ngumntu wasebukhosini kaPetros I. Ngaphansi kolawulo lwakhe, izitya zazingeniswa eYurophu, kuphela abantu ababenokudla. Iifom zincinci zetrafini kamva zanikwa njengesipho esibalulekileyo. Emva kwe- porcelain yaseTshayina, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayiyimveliso yaseYurophu (iSevrsky, i-Meissenia), imali eninzi yayichithwa ekuthengeni kwayo, leyo yayingagqibekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngomnyaka we-1744, i-Impress Elizabeth yabika ukwakhiwa kwe "porcelain manufactory" kufuphi naseSt. Petersburg, ngoko kuqalwe ixesha lokuqalisa i-porcelain yasekhaya. I-Dmitrovsky Porcelain Factory yehla kwimbali nje ngokuba yimveliso yokuqala yangasese.

UFranz Gardner kunye nokungena endaweni

Kwangexesha elide, ukuveliswa kwe-porcelain bekuphela kwidomeyini yoluntu, kodwa kuya kubakho umntu ofuna ukukhuphisana ukuba awunjalo, uze ubhale inkampani kumashishini karhulumente. Ngomnyaka we-1766, umNgesi uFranz Yakovlevich Gardner, ngesiseko semveliso ekhoyo, i-Urusov yavula ifowuni yakhe. Injongo ebalulekileyo yoshishino-mhlaba yayikufuna ukukhuphisana ne-porcelain yaseYurophu, kwaye ithathe indawo yabo kwimarike, ithathe indawo yokuvelisa iimveliso eziphezulu zasekhaya. Ethetha ngongoma-zincwadi zanamhlanje, wagqiba kwelokuba "angenise" iimpahla zaseYurophu kwaye umzamo waphumelela.

Okokuqala, izinto eziveliswayo zazifunekayo kumbutho wezoshishino, kwaye uGardner, xa ehamba phantse lonke ilizwe, wafumana udongwe kwindawo yedolophu yaseChernigov (iRashiya encinane). Ukuze angenzi ukuphazamisa kwaye angakheli ibhasikidi, wakha uchwepheshe uFranz Gattenberg (uprofesa weYunivesithi yaseGeneva) ukuba asebenze. Kwaye kwahamba kakuhle kangangokuba ukususela ngo-1777 ukuya ku-1783, inkonzo emine isetyenziselwa i-Impress Catherine II yakhutshwe kwiprani kwaye yaziswa kuye. Amava aphumelele ukuba aphumelele, umnini-mveliso watyelela abaphulaphuli abaphezulu kwiibhotwe zobukhosi, emva koko wanikezwa ilungelo lokwenza isitampu ngomzobo weMoscow wezandla, owawufane nomqondiso wempawu.

Umrhwebi ophumelelayo

UFranz Gardner, kunye nempahla yecandelo, uqalise ukuveliswa kweemveliso zeer porcelain. Abasebenzi bokuqala babeziingcali ezithathwe eYurophu, kwaye uMeissen owaziwa yi-technology. I-porcelain yaseRashiya yahluke kakhulu kwi-Yurophu kwiimpawu zayo kunye nokusebenza kwezobugcisa, kodwa yayinokuthengwa kakhulu kwixabiso.

E-Rashiya, iimveliso ezixabisekileyo kakhulu zefektri kunye nokuzonwabisa zathengisa yonke into eyenziwa ngabavelisi baseYurophu. Ngo-1771, malunga nabaqeshwa abangamashumi asixhenxe baqeshwe kwimveliso, emva kweminyaka eyi-10 inani labo liphindwe kabini. Yonke imisebenzi yayihlala kwiingcali zaseRashiya, kuphela umphathi kunye nomculi waxoshwa evela phesheya.

UFranz Gardner wakwazi ukufumana indlela yakhe yokuvelisa i-porcelain, inani leesampuli ze-castings ezibalwe kumakhulu. Ukongezelela kwiitya, iimifanekiso ezikhethekileyo ze-porcelain salon zathululelwa kwaye zidweliswe apha, ababhali ababengabaculi abadumileyo.

Kwiindawo zaseVuznetsovsky

Emva kokufa komsunguli, i-Dmitrov Porcelain Factory ithathwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwiivenkile ezizimeleyo eRashiya. Icala lidluliselwa ezandleni zeendlalifa: ixesha elifutshane, de kube sekufeni kwakhe, ishishini lenzelwe unyana oyena mdala womsunguli, kunye nomfazi wakhe. Kwizandla zakhe, ifektri yalahlekelwa phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zayo, kodwa emva koko, abantwana bayo bathatha umsebenzi, imveliso yavuselela. I-teknoloji yokuvelisa i-faience yayinomsebenzi. Ngowe-1829, iimveliso zafumana igolide kwi-First Industrial Exhibition. Ngomnyaka we-1855, i-manufactory yanikezwa ilungelo lokubeka kwiimveliso kwiitampu zombuso we-ukhozi ekhanda ezimbini.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19, i-Dmitrov Porcelain Factory iqinisekisile umgangatho wemveliso yayo kwimiboniso, ukususela ngo-1856 ibe ngumnye wabathengi bemveliso kwiNkundla yama-Imperial. Ekupheleni kwekhulu, izindlalifa zithengisa ishishini kuMatvei Kuznetsov. Akafumananga kuphela izakhiwo zokuvelisa, kodwa nayo yonke iqoqo elikhulu leefom, imizekelo kunye nemidwebo yaseGarder yeklasi.

Kuznetsovsky ixesha

I-Dmitrovsky Porcelain Factory (iVerbilki) yaya kwisikhulula uKuznetsov kunye nenkazimulo ethile, kodwa inzuzo enamandla. Ngethuba lokufumana, umveliso wanikezela iimpahla ze-ruble ezingama-208 zamawaka ngonyaka, kwaye inani labasebenzi lilinganiselwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-700 imiphefumlo. UZuznetsov wasebenzisa zonke iimpahla ezibonakalayo azifumene kunye nembali yenkampani yekhulu leminyaka nesiqingatha ukuze avuselele udumo lwakhe.

Icala landisiwe, isiseko sabathengi sagcinwa ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yesigqibo esisilumko sokusebenzisa isitampu sityalo saseDmitrovsky kuzo zonke iimveliso. Umnini omtsha akazange afune ukuhlaziya uluhlu lwemveliso, engafanelekanga. Inani lezinto ezifihliweyo zifikelele kwiiyunithi ezili-4 zeetyiti ezidumiweyo kunye neefom. Ijubane ehamba kwisityalo yayibhalwe ngokukhutshwa kweeqoqo ezizodwa. Ngaloo ndlela, iminyaka eyi-100 yemfazwe yaseBorodino, iminyaka engama-300 yokubusa kweRomanovs, yathathwa.

Porcelain yaseSoviet

Emva kokuzaliswa kwesizwe, umveliso wabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi yiDmitrov Porcelain Factory. Kwixesha lokuthunyelwa kwexesha eliphambili, imveliso yancitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye leyo yenziwa, yayihlotshiswe ngokuthobeka ngamacandelo (amanqabileyo) okanye imveliso yezoxinzelelo.

Ukuthandwa okukhulu, ngo-1930, ufumane inkonzo yeDmitrov porcelain factory "IHolpbacked Horse", kunye neminye imisebenzi eyenziwe ngumtshathi wezakhono ze-Orlov SM. Ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, ukuveliswa kwe-porcelain kwawa kakhulu, kodwa ixesha laphawulwa yimisebenzi eqaqambileyo. Inkonzo ye-"Battle for the Motherland" yenziwa (umbhali uA. Chechulin), isethi eneemifanekiso zabaphathi abakhulu "uSuvorov", "uAlexander Nevsky", "Kutuzov", ibeka umyalelo wemikhosi yaseSoviet (umbhali uDeorrei T.).

Imveliso yamhla

Ngomnyaka we-1991, i-Dimitrov Porcelain Factory yaba yinkampani yokubambisana, igama elisemthethweni: i-CJSC Porcelain Verbilok. Ukususela ngo-1995, ishishini elincinci i-DO "Promysl Verbilok" isebenza. Kulo shishini elitsha, ulawulo kunye nabasebenzi baxakeke ukuvuselela izithethe ezibekwe ngabaqashi besityalo.

Ngowe-1996, inkampani izuze amaxabiso kwimiboniso yamazwe ngamazwe eBirmingham, kunye naseMexico. Ukususela ngo-2007, isityalo siye sanikezela ngemveliso kwi-Kremlin njengenxalenye yeGugu leThengi. Njengamanje inkampani ibizwa ngokuba yi "Gardner's Manufactory", kodwa abantu abaninzi igama elidala elithi iDmitrov Porcelain Factory lisaziwayo. Iimveliso ziveliswa kwimigca eqokelelelweyo.

Iqoqo "uFranz Gardner" livuselela imveli kwiinkulungwane ze-19-20 zee porcelain. Abaphathi beenkampani benza imibhalo yabo kwizinto ezipholileyo (imibhangqwana yeheyi, iiseti, iifayile). Kwakhona, iinkonzo zentsapho ziveliswa, apho abaculi baza kubhala iingubo zentsapho zeengalo, imiyalezo okanye umfanekiso okhethiweyo. Inkampani ikhiqiza iinkonzo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, isibini setiza kunye nekhofi, izimbiza zeziqhamo, izitya, iisethi zezingane.