Ihlabathi elimnyama elisemahlathini: iimpawu, imimiselo yolwazi, iipropati

Kwimifuno eluhlaza apho iintlobo ze-broadleaf zikhula, ihlabathi lehlathi elimnyama lenziwa. Ummandla wendalo wendawo yabo yintsimi yemozulu yezulukazi epholileyo. Le yimiba apho kukho inani elinyukayo leentsuku zelanga kwaye akukho mvula enkulu.

Ukusasazwa

Ihlabathi elimnyama lehlathi lifumaneka kwimimandla emikhulu yaseRashiya. Bahlala kwiindawo ezinkulu eCanada nase-USA. Ezi ziindawo zehlathi ezisemngceleni ongasenyakatho kunye neendawo ze-taiga, kunye naseningizimu - kunye nommandla we-steppe.

Inhlabathi engamahlathi emmandla kwintsimi yaseRashiya ibonisa iqela eliqhubekayo kwicandelo laseYurophu yelizwe. Zifumaneka kwindawo enkulu ukusuka kumda waseUkraine ukuya kwiiNtaba ze-Ural. Yibamba imithombo yehlathi elimnyama kunye nommandla, ohlala ngasempumalanga, ukuya kwi-Altai. Lo ngummandla weentlabathi zaseNtshonalanga zaseSiberia. Insimu yomhlabathi obomvu i-3.5% yendawo yonke yeRussia Federation. Ngezantsi siza kuqwalasela ukuba yintoni imithombo yasemahlathini emnyama. Iimpawu zaseRashiya zale mimandla yomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okusemgangathweni kwintlanzi ye-agro-shishino ziya kubhekiswa kweli nqaku.

Uncedo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlingiswa wendawo yokuma kwintsimi ebusweni bomhlaba obomvu udibene. Kwinqanaba laseYurophu yehlathi-i-steppe yicala kunye ne-wavy. E-Asia, ngaphezu koko, kunye neendawo eziphathekayo. Emahlathini-i-steppe kukho intambo yonxibelelwano yemigodi nemigulane. Ukukhutshwa okunjalo kuchaphazela impawu yehlabathi elimnyama, ngenxa yoko, imithombo yamanzi yintsimi iyabonakala.

Iimeko zokufunda

Ihlabathi lehlathi elimnyama likhula njani? Iimeko zokubumba zona ziphela kuphela kwiimeko zelizwekazi. Lo ngumlinganiselo wokushisa womoya wonyaka ukususela kwii-degrees ezisixhenxe kummandla osentshona ukuya kutsho ezine kunye nesiqingatha empuma. Kwakhona, ukubunjwa komhlaba kuchaphazeleka ngumlinganiselo othile wemvula ngexesha lonyaka. Kwiindawo ezisentshonalanga yeeNtaba ze-Ural ziyi-500-600 mm, kwaye empuma yala maphepha - 300 mm. Ngexesha elifanayo, umlinganiselo olinganayo wezantyalontyala ukuya kwenyani kunye nokunyaniseka kwazo kuphawulwa. Kwimihlaba yonke apho kusekwa khona ihlabathi elimnyama, kukho ukushisa okufanayo kwangoJulayi. Ziyi-19-20 degrees.

Ifomu lehlathi elimnyama phantsi kweentlobo ezimelelwe ngamahlathi anqabileyo. Ngasentshonalanga yeDnieper banokubunjwa kwe-oak-hornbeam. Empuma, ukuya kwii-Urals, ehlathini kukhula i-lindens kunye ne-oki. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho umlotha. Impuma kunye nempuma yee-Ural zilawulwa yi-aspen ne-birch amaphecana ehlathi. Ngaphezu koko, kwiTransbaikal, i-larch ibonakala.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bemithi enqabileyo, ezinye iipropati zinehlabathi elimnyama. Isiqalo sokwakhiwa kwawo sibonisa umxholo ophezulu wezinto ze-ash kunye ne-calcium. Zonke ezi zinto zingena emhlabathini nge-litter, ubuninzi balo, ngokutsho kwezenzululwazi, luvela kwi-70 ukuya kwe-90 kwi-hectare nganye.

Emahlathini-i-steppe kukho iindawo ezenziwe ngomhlaba ezimelelwe yi-loam. Ezi zi-carbonate deposits.

Kwiimeko zehlathi eziphambili, iindawo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zenzeka emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwabo, ihlabathi elimnyama lalingayi kubumba. Isiqalo sokwakheka kwesakhiwo sihambelana ngqo nale nkqubo. Eyokuqala yazo iqhutyelwa phantsi kwefuthe lokuhla kwamanzi wamanzi ukusuka kumvula ewela emhlabeni. Isiphumo sale nqubo kukususwa kweemveliso zomhlaba nokubunjwa kwazo kwiindawo ezingezantsi zeerandi. Ngamanye amaxesha zonke ezi zinto zidlulela kwiziqendu ze-loam.

Okwesibini, akukho nkqubo engabalulekanga, idibene nenyaniso yokuba imithombo yehlabathi eluhlaza imiswa phantsi kwemithi enqabileyo kunye neengca. Izilwanyana ezifile, ezityebi kwiimaminerali, zifakwe kwiindawo eziphezulu zokuhlala ezinjengeendawo ezihlala kuyo. Kule meko i-humus yenziwa kwiindawo zomhlaba zomhlaba. Olu luhlu lucebile kwizinto ezinobumbano ezinxulumene ne-calcium. Kwinqanaba elincinane, inkqubo yokubunjwa kwe-podzol iyenzeka kwakhona kwihlathi-steppe. Ixhobisa iindawo eziphezulu zomhlaba kunye ne-sesquioxides kunye ne-oxide ye-magnesium, i-calcium kunye nezinye izinto.

Ulwakhiwo

Ihlabathi elinguhlathi elimnyama (bona isithombe esezantsi) limelelwe ngamacandelo amahlanu.

Eyona nto ingaphezulu kwayo inobunzima obu-3 cm. Ukongezelela, kukho uluhlu olunamandla obuninzi lwe-granular greyular, obunama-12 cm. Ubunzulu bomgca wesithathu bubungama-12 cm. Umhlaba wayo upende nge-walnut okanye i-gray grey. Kuloluhlu luneziphumo ze-silica kunye ne-humus. Ngaphezu koko, umhlaba ufumana umthunzi omnyama. Kuloluhlu, apho amaqumrhu e-ferruginous ehlanganiswayo aqokelelwa khona, ukufunyanwa kweengqungquthela kufumaneka rhoqo. Ngalansi ilandela ilanga lomzali lombala obomvu obomvu.

Ngohlobo lwehlabathi elimnyama, i-subtypes iyaziwa:

• Grey ukukhanya;
• Grey;
• Grey.

Olu hlobo luxhomekeke kwimeko yeenkqubo zokubuyisela izinto ezivela emhlabeni.

Iimpawu zeChimicals zehlabathi ezimpunga

Ukubunjwa kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezincinci, kunye nezixhobo ezincinci, kuxhomekeke kwimimiselo yokwakheka kwazo zonke izalathisi. Ziziphi iimpawu zeekhemikhali zomhlaba wehlathi elimnyama? Isiqulatho esifumaneka kwisifundo sesisombululo sawo sivumela umntu ukuba akhulume ngokusabela okubuthakathaka kunye nokusebenza kwamacidi. Ukongezelela, iziphumo zohlalutyo lwebhoratri zibonisa ukuhlawula okuphantsi komhlaba onjalo kunye neziseko kunye nexabiso elincitshisiweyo kwiimitha ezimbini zokuqala zeengqungquthela ezidaka.

Izifundo zeekhemikhali ezenziwe zichanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo zibonisa ukuba yiyiphi i-subtype eyayiyoyiphi imithombo yehlabathi elimnyama. Iimpawu zazo zihlukile. Ngaloo ndlela, inhlabathi emnyama yehlathi iyaziwa ngumlinganiselo omkhulu we-humus. Bafumene i-predominance yama-acids e-humic ngaphezu kwe-fulphonic acids. Uthini umahluko phakathi komhlaba omnyama wehlathi? Isixhobo esinikwe ngenxa yesiphumo sokuhlaziya imichiza siqinisekisa ukuqokelela i-calcium kuyo. Eli nqaku liphezulu.

Imimandla yomhlaba we-grey , efunyenwe ngenxa yesifundo semichiza, ibonisa intlupheko yee-horizons zayo eziphezulu nge-sesquioxides kunye nokucebisa okuninzi nge-asilicic acid. Ukuqulunqwa okunjalo kuqinisekisa inkqubo yeprovolization inkqubo. Oku kuchazwe ngokucacileyo kwi-subtype epholileyo yemhlabathi. Ngaphantsi - kumnyama omnyama. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisigxina somhlaba, kukho iipropthi ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, i-gray grey ine-reaction acidic. Kule meko, ahlukanga kwi-saturation yesiseko.

Ubunjani bomhlaba wehlathi elimnyama lubonisa ukuba le subtype nayo ine-acid response. Kule meko, ezinye iziqulatho ezingenasatriki ziyabonwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungabonakali nakakhulu kunokuba kuluhlu oluluhlaza.

Uhlobo lwesithathu lomhlaba lunamakhemikhali aphezulu kakhulu. Inhlabathi emnyama imnyama ine-acid reaction ne-saturation ephezulu kunye neziseko. Ukongeza, ziqukethe umxholo ophezulu we-humus, i-phosphorus, i-calcium ne-nitrogen.

Umdlalo obalulekileyo kulabo bafunda inhlabathi eyimvelaphi yemvula, iimpawu.

Itafile, apho zonke iipropati ze-subtypes ezahlukahlukeneyo zinikezelwa, kuya kwenza ukuba kube lula ukukhumbula yonke idatha efunyenwe ngabaphandi.

Ubume beMpawu

Iipropati zomhlaba izakhiwo zendawo yehlathi lixhomeke kakhulu kumxholo we-humus kuwo. Ukubunjwa kwendalo yomhlaba oyintloko kubangele iimpawu zomhlaba wegrey.

Iindawo eziphezulu zala macandelo zibonakaliswa ngumbumba omkhulu, zifikelela kuma-60%. Njengoko uhamba phantsi kwiprofayili, ukwanda kwenhlabathi kwanda. Oku kubangelwa ukuhla kwe-humus. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zakhiwo zinezinto ezahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kwincinci yomhlaba ekuthethwa ngawo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwi-gray grey the density of even horizons e ncinane. Oku kubangelwa umxholo omkhulu we-humus kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinto ezininzi.

Esinye seziganeko ezibonakalayo bubuninzi bee-horizons ezingaqhelekanga. Kuzo zonke iincinci zehlabathi ezimpunga, ziphezulu kakhulu. Ixabiso layo lifika ukusuka ku-1.5 ukuya kwi-1.65 gm nganye kwisentimitha sesentimitha. Ngokumalunga ne-porosity epheleleyo, kuluhlu lwe-50 ukuya ku-60%. Kwaye kwiindawo eziphezulu-ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-45%. I-porosity ephawulekayo kwi-subtype eluhlaza igxininisa uhlobo lwama-capillary. Esi siphumo sikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukunyuka kwamanzi omhlaba.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-subtype emnyama emnyama, izixhobo zayo ezibonakalayo zihle kakhulu. Uluhlu lomhlaba lubonakaliswa ngumthamo omkhulu wamanzi, ovumela ihlabathi lonke lezityalo ukuba lifumane amanzi amaninzi afunekayo. Iimpawu ezincinci eziluhlaza kunye ezikhanyayo zomhlaba wehlathi kwiindawo ezisehlathini zineendawo ezintle eziphathekayo. Oku kunomxholo ophantsi we-humus, kunye nepesenti encinci ye-silt, kunye nobukho beqela elincinci elincinci. Zonke ezi mpawu zibangela ukuba kulungiswe ukulungiswa kweendawo eziphezulu emva kokulima kwazo. Amazwe anjalo ngokukhawuleza agijime, kwaye phezu komhlaba ukubunjwa kwe-crust.

Izakhiwo ezincinci zeentlobo zeentlobo zehlabathi ezimpunga azifani kunye kwaye zingenawo amanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ukubonakala kwempu elikhanyayo emva kokulima ngokukhawuleza kuhlanganiswe. Oku kubangelwa ukuba le subtype yomhlaba inobuninzi bama-aggregate angagxininiswa ngamanzi, ubukhulu obungaphezulu kwe-0.25 mm.

Iimpawu zeBilo

Ihlabathi elimnyama elixubile liqokelela kwii-horizons zayo eziphezulu kwaye limele iqela elipheleleyo lama-molecular weight compounds. Le nxalenye yezinto eziphilayo yinkalo ebalulekileyo yezinto eziphilayo ezisisiseko sokuqala kwiprofayili. Iqukethe ezininzi ze-phosphorus, i-nitrogen nezinye izinto. Ukubunjwa kwama-humus kubangelwa ukubola okutshabalalayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezityalo, kunye nezimpembelelo ezifileyo zezityalo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekusebenzeni ngokubambisene kwezilwanyana ezincinci.

Iimeko zeshushu

Ngokwale nkcazo, ihlathi elimnyama kwiimpawu zomhlaba zithandeka kakhulu. Kwixesha elide, elihlala ukususela ngo-Epreli ukuya kuDisemba, iqondo lokushisa elihle liyabonwa kwiprofayili yabo. Ukuqhwala kuqala ngokuqala kwebusika, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngoJanuwari. Ngo-Epreli, uluhlu lobunzulu obuvela kwi-50 ukuya kwi-70 cm sele luqhakazile.

Ephakathi kunye nakwindawo esentshona yehlathi, ihlabathi iya kubhekiswa kwi-facies subtype yokunikezela kobushushu. Nantsi enye inokuyibona ingqungquthela yokuqhaqha kunye nokuqhawulwa kwendawo ephezulu ngexesha lobusika.

Ulawulo oluthile lobushushu bomhlaba lubonakala eNtshona Siberia. Apha kukho ukuqhwaba kwexesha elide. Ukongezelela, ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, umhlaba uthathwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungenxa yeqabunga elinzima, kunye nekhava elincinane lekhephu. Umsebenzi wasemsebenzini kule mimandla uqala ukuqhutywa kuphela ngoMeyi. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, amaqondo amnandi ahlala e-horizons esezantsi.

Imoya yomoya

Esi simpawu siqokelela inani elikhulu leziganeko. Kwaye zonke zihambelana nokungena kwemoya emhlabathini, ukunyakaza kwawo kunye nayo kunye nokuhamba. Oku kubandakanya ukugqitywa kwe-gas, okwenzeka phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala kunye nomoya ojikelezayo.

Umoya womhlaba kunye nokuza kwexesha elizayo kuhlaziywa utshintsho oluthile ekubunjweni kwalo. Kwaye kwinqanaba eliphezulu lale nkqubo kuninzi kakhulu.

Lawulo lwamanzi

Ihlabathi elimnyama elisemahlathini libonakaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngohlobo lokuhlamba lolu lathisi. Njengomthetho, imvula enzima ewela ekwindla inomhlaba iphela ngo-50 cm. Ubumanzi obunzulu bunena ngexesha lokuphuphuma kwentwasahlobo. Kule nkalo, ubukhulu bokuthungca kwenhlabathi buxhomekeke kubukhulu besikhoselo sasebusika kunye nomthamo wokuqhaqha kwamanzi amaninzi.

Ubume obuthile bombutho wamanzi buboniswa kwiindawo ezinemihlaba ebanzi. Apha, ubuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ehlobo kunokuba ngu-20% kwaye bawugubungele umgca womhlaba ongumlinganiselo weemitha.

Urhulumente wamanzi ohluke ngokupheleleyo unemihlaba ehlathini. Lapha ebusika kukho ukuqokelela okukhulu kwekhephu. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, umhlaba uyanqunywe kakhulu ngamandla entwasahlobo. Nangona kunjalo, kamva isetyenziswe kwinkqubo engcambu yeengcambu zemithi. Oku kuwukhupha umhlaba kumanzi angama-4 ukuya kuma-5.

Indlela yokutya

Iipropati ezilungileyo kakhulu kule ncwadana yimihlaba emnyama yehlathi. Ziyaziwa ngokuzala okuphezulu ngenxa yemali enkulu ye-humus, i-phosphorus kunye ne-nitrogen kuyo.

Umbuso wezondlo zomhlaba kuxhomekeke ekulimeni kwawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi. Kwiimeko ezinje, iindawo eziphezulu zelo xesha ziza kubandakanya izinto ezinobuncedo.

Ulawulo lwezondlo zomhlaba luchaphazeleka ngumxholo we-hydrogenzable nitrogen kuwo. Eyona nto ihlwempuzekileyo kule ndawo yimihlabathi eluhlaza. Esinye sezibonakaliso zokuzala komhlaba kukukho kwephosphorus ephathekayo kuzo. Isixa esiphezulu salesi sigaba sitholakala kwimithombo yombuso we-carbonate.

Ixesha lasehlotyeni likhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza, i-biological kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezenzeka enhlabathini ephilileyo. Phakathi kwexesha elifudumeleyo, i-hydrolytic kunye no-acidity exchange exchange. Kule nxu lumene, ukuzaliswa kwehlabathi kunye neziseko kusehlisiwe.

Sebenzisa kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho

Kwizakhiwo zezolimo-mafutha zelizwe, indawo apho umhlaba osemazantsi osemazantsi usebenza khona. Ukuzala kwala mazwe kuvumela abantu ukuba bakhule ngokuphumelelayo izityalo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kubo. Ukongeza, ihlabathi lehlathi elimnyama lithatha indawo yabo kwimihlaba yamadlelo kunye namadlelo, kunye neendawo zokulima.

Kwiindawo ezisehlathini ezisehlathini zenzelwe ukulima, ingqolowa yasentwasahlobo nobusika, ummbila kunye neetayiti zeeshukela, iifleksi, iifatate, njl. Zikhulile.

Zonke ii-subtypes zehlabathi ezimpunga zifakwe kwi-circulation of the economy. Ngelo xesha, umntu ufuna ukwandisa ukuzala kwabo ngokusebenzisa lonke uluhlu lwezinyathelo. Uluhlu olunamandla oluvuthiweyo lwe-arable luyadalwa ngokufaka isichumisi kunye nohlaza. Oku kuphucula iimpawu zomzimba kunye nokutya kwehlabathi, kwaye kunciphisa amandla okwenza i-crusts kumgca wendawo. Ukongezelela, amazwe ane-asidi ephezulu aphantsi kokumisela ukuphucula impawu zabo.

Inkqubo yokunyuka kwe-gray grey, kunye nenhlabathi emnyama ebonakalayo inokwenzeka nakwi-deepening of layout. Esi siganeko sihambelana nokuqaliswa kwezichumisi. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-liming iyenziwa kwakhona.

Ukuveliswa komhlabathi obumnyama kuya kwandiswa ngokusungulwa okucwangcisiweyo kwezichumisi. Kwaye ukuphelisa ukwanda kwawo kwe-hydrolytic acidity, i-phosphate isetyenziswe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo zehlabathi eziluhlaza kufuneka kuhambisane nemilinganiselo yolawulo lokukhukhula. Ingakumbi ixhala kwiindawo zaseYurophu zendawo yehlathi. Ukuthotyelwa kwamanyathelo anjalo, umhlaba uqhutyelwa kuwo wonke umthamo, iindawo zomhlaba zihleliwe, njalo njalo.