Physico-chemical abalinganiswa kwezinto

Physical nemichiza uphando kwicala zemichiza yohlalutyo ziye ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Amvumela ukuba ukuhlola iimpawu osisiqu umdla, nokumisela icandelo ubungakanani amacandelo kwisampulu.

izinto zokufunda

Uphando lwezenzululwazi na kwingqiqo yento okanye ngumkhuba ukuze ufumane inkqubo magama kunye nolwazi. Umgaqo esebenza ngayo iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zahlulwa kwi:

• enokwehla;
• umbutho;
• ekutolikwa;
• Iindlela uhlalutyo ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani.

ubuchule kuphando ngokwamava zibonisa into phantsi sifundo yi wabonakala zangaphandle yaye ziquka ujongisiso, ulinganiso, umfuniselo, uthelekiso. Uphononongo olwenziwe isekelwe kwizibakala ethembekileyo kwaye asibandakanyi ukudala iimeko ngumntu ukwenzela uhlalutyo.

iindlela ombutho - othelekiso, longitudinal, complex. Kuqala uthetha nge luthelekiso states yenjongosenzi ethathwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yaye phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye. Longitudinal - mkhanya yenjongosenzi ukufunda ixesha elide. Esi sakhiwo i iindlela aggregate longitudinal and ethelekisekayo.

ubuchule ekutolikwa - yemfuza zesakhiwo. lobeko Genetic ibandakanya isifundo into ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo. indlela lokwakheka uhlola kwaye ichaza into isixhobo.

Iindlela analysis nezahlulo ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani kunye umthombo othenjiweyo. izifundo zemichiza ejoliswe ekumiseleni ubume into yophando.

Iindlela analysis oluninzi

Ngokusebenzisa Uhlalutyo lwamanani ubume Imichiza ezichazwe umthombo othenjiweyo. Phantse zonke iindlela ezisetyenziswa kuphononongo zakhiwa kule iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni iimpawu kweziyobisi nokubunjwa kwayo.

Uhlalutyo ezingama, epheleleyo kunye noluphakathi. Ngokubanzi kugqiba inani bonke ezaziwayo kwi into izinto efundwayo, nokuba zikhona kwi ekwakhiweni okanye hayi. Uhlalutyo Full ukufumana nokwakhiwa ezahlukeneyo ubungakanani izinto eziqulethwe kwisampulu. ngobuwena Partial imisela imixholo kuphela amacandelo umdla ekufundeni imichiza.

chemical, emzimbeni kunye physicochemical: Kuxhomekeka kwindlela analysis kukho amaqela amathathu iindlela. Bonke zisekelwe utshintsho izinto zobumnini ngokwasemzimbeni okanye eekhemikhali kweziyobisi.

izifundo chemical

Le ndlela ijolise ekuchongeni izinto nangokobungakanani e reactions ezahlukeneyo kwemichiza yenzeke. Le yokugqibela kufuneka ibonwa yangaphandle (ukutshintsha umbala, yokuzivelela kwegesi, ubushushu, kwenze). Le ndlela sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi eluntwini mihla. Laboratory yophando imichiza ethile abakhoyo zamayeza, petrochemical, ishishini lokwakha kunye nabanye abaninzi.

iintlobo ezintathu kuphando ngamachiza zichongwe. Gravimetry, okanye uhlalutyo gravimetric ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ubuninzi shintsho i analyte kwisampula. Olu khetho ilula kwaye unika iziphumo ezichanekileyo kodwa ixesha. Kule hlobo iindlela lwemichiza uphando olifunayo izinto ukhululekile kuwo ukwakhiwa jikelele kwenze okanye igesi. ngoko ufakwe kwisigaba eqinileyo ezingenakunyibilika, into lihluzwe, wahlamba kwaye zonekwe. Ukulandela le nkqubo ubunzima candelo.

Titrimetry i uhlalutyo-ntathu. Uphando Chemicals kwenzeka ngokulinganisa ubungakanani reagent ukuba idityaniswe le analyte. Ayithandi yaziwa kwangaphambili. Umthamo reagent ibalwa xa indawo ukulingana. Xa analysis igesi okanye ukufumana isixa irhasi ekhethiweyo okubanjwa.

Ukongeza, uphando isoloko isetyenziswa imifuziselo imichiza. Oko kukuthi, yenza i-analogue le into efundwayo, lula ngakumbi ukufunda.

uphando physics

Ngokungafaniyo uphando imichiza kusekelwe ekwenzeni ezi khemikhali, iindlela emzimbeni ngohlahlelo ngokusekelwe iimpawu kwezinto efanayo. Kuba ukuphunyezwa yazo ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Le ndlela yenziwe ngayo utshintsho iimpawu into ebangelwe radiation yokulinganisa. Iindlela eziphambili eemviwo yemvelo refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

Refractometry ikhutshwa phandle usebenzisa refractometer. Indlela kunciphisa ukuba isifundo refraction kokudlulisela ukukhanya ukusuka kwenye eliphakathi ukuya kwenye. Ukutshintsha engile kuba oku kuxhomekeke iimpawu macandelo ephakathi. Ngoko, kuba nokwenzeka ukuchonga ukwakhiwa eliphakathi kunye nesakhiwo sayo.

Polarimetry yi indlela uviwo enombala esebenzisa ubuchule kwezinto ezithile ukuze ukuzitshintsha oscillation of linearly ngamaza moya ukukhanya.

Fluorimetry ukusebenzisa laser kunye nezibane mercury avelisa radiation monochromatic. Ezinye izinto ezi fluoristsentirovat ekwaziyo (ukufunxa kwaye khupha ngemitha wendele). Siqukumbela ukuba sizimisele ubuninzi kwezinto ngokusekelwe fluorescence ngamandla.

uphando Physical nemichiza

yenze uphando Physical nemichiza abhalise ukutshintsha izinto zobumnini physical zenkqunto phantsi kwempembelelo reactions ezahlukeneyo chemical. Bona zisekelwe ukuxhomekeka ngqo iimpawu bomzimba yenjongosenzi kwi ngezithako zawo chemical. Ezi ndlela ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-mkhanya wenziwe ngenxa conductivity thermal, lombane, yokufunxa, abilayo kunye yokunyibilika.

izifundo Physico-chemical wenkqu ngokubanzi ngenxa ichanile yayo ephezulu kunye nesantya ukufumana iziphumo. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ngenxa kuphuhliso lwe-IT-technologies zemichiza iindlela kuye kwaba nzima ukuba isicelo. iindlela Physico-amachiza asetyenziswe kushishino ukutya, ezolimo, forensics.

Omnye umahluko ezingundoqo iindlela physico-chemical chemical kukuba ekupheleni abasabela (indawo ukulingana) lifumaneka yi izixhobo, kungekhona ngokubona.

Iindlela eziphambili zophando emzimbeni kunye imichiza ithathwa ngokuba iindlela ecacicleyo, electrochemical, thermal kunye chromatographic.

Ecacicleyo analysis iindlela izinto

Kwiindlela olusekelwe kucazululo ecacicleyo yenjongosenzi ngokusekelwe intsebenziswano radiation electromagnetic. Le edalwayo, reflection, Uchithachitha wokugqibela. Elinye igama le ndlela - zokukhanyisa. It is a iseti yophando ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani. Uhlalutyo kuvumela ukuba ukuvavanya ukwakheka imichiza, amacandelo isakhiwo, a Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nezinye iimpawu kweziyobisi.

Le ndlela iqulathe ekumiseleni ezitsho resonant apho izinto ngayo ukuze zikhanyise. Bona ayikukhuthazi ngamnye kwicandelo ngalinye. Ngoncedo lwe spectroscope ungabona iilayini kwi spectrum uchonge amacandelo kweziyobisi. Ngobunzulu imigca ecacicleyo kunika uluvo lokuba i-abalinganiswa oluninzi. Ulwahlulo uluhlu ecacicleyo iindlela na uhlobo nenjongo sifundo.

indlela isidoda ivumela ukuba ukufunda spectra ukukhutshwa kwaye inika ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku loVAVANYO kweziyobisi. Kuba data phantsi i arc khulula yombane. Umahluko yale ndlela photometry ilangatye. spectra Absorption ziphandwa indlela ukufunxeka. Iinketho angentla uhlalutyo esemgangathweni kwezinto.

Uhlalutyo uthelekisa ngobunzulu ecacicleyo bomnombo ecacicleyo lovavanyo injongosenzi kunye ubuncwane ingqalelo eyaziwa. iindlela ezinjalo kufuneka ziquka ukufakwa atom, beso atomic zePCR luminescent, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Usekela uhlalutyo electrochemical kwezinto

Uhlalutyo Electrochemical isebenzisa electrolysis ukufunda izinto. Ukusabela kwenziwa isisombululo zolwelo kwi i electrode. Umlinganiselo ukuba ngomnye iimpawu ezikhoyo. Uphando olwenziwa iseli electrochemical. Le nqanawa, nto leyo mazifakwe electrolyte (material umqhubi ionic), electrode (material kwikhompyutha conductive). Electrode kunye electrolytes basebenzisane. Xa eli langoku kubonelelwa evela ngaphandle.

Ukwahlukanisa iindlela electrochemical

iindlela Electrochemical zihlelwa ngokusekelwe nesenzeko, ezo zisekelwe izifundo physico-chemical. Le ndlela kunye nokubekwa yesakhiwo langaphandle kwaye ngaphandle kwayo.

Conductometry yenye yeendlela zicazulule umlinganiselo Unikezelo lombane kunye G. Xa kulingwa conductometric jikelele kusetyenziswa ifildi yangoku. titration Conductometric - indlela uphando eqhelekileyo. Le ndlela isekelwe phezu ekuvelisweni conductometers eziphathwayo esetyenziselwa izifundo amanzi imichiza.

Ekuphumezeni potentiometry Walinganisa EMF iseli ingathityazwa electrochemical. indlela coulometry umisela umbane osetyenzisiweyo ngexesha electrolysis. Voltammetry uhlola ukuxhomekeka kwexabiso yangoku umthamo wabeka.

Thermal iindlela analysis izinto

Uhlalutyo thermal ijolise ekuchongeni utshintsho iimpawu ezibonakalayo kwento lilanga. Ezi ndlela yophando yenziwa ngexeshana elifutshane ixesha kunye nemali encinane isampuli wafundela.

Thermogravimetry - enye iindlela zohlalutyo thermal, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubhaliso ubunzima kukho utshintsho into ngenxa lobushushu. Le ndlela kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona echanekileyo.

Ukongeza, iindlela thermal zophando ziquka calorimetry imisela amandla ubushushu entalpimetriya kweziyobisi ngokusekelwe ubushushu ethile ye sifundo. Kwakhona, omnye wabo kufuneka ibhekiswe dilatometer leyo oqondela utshintsho volume isampuli ngenxa lobushushu.

iindlela Chromatographic ukuhlaziywa kwezinto

indlela chromatographic yindlela ngokwahlukana kwezinto. Kukho ezininzi iintlobo chromatography, abo ezinkulu: igesi, ukwabiwa, redox, neentlenge, ion exchange.

Awona macandelo kwisampulu yahlulwa phakathi izigaba mobile nezinto zokubhala. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha lulwelo okanye iigesi. Inqanaba umile yi sorbent - esiqinileyo. Awona macandelo isampula kwisigaba mobile namhlanje bachukumiseka ecaleni zokubhala. Ngesantya kunye nexesha indlela nezakhi kwisigaba sokugqibela ukwahlulelwa iipropati emzimbeni.

Ukusetyenziswa iindlela emzimbeni imichiza uphando

Isalathiso ibalulekileyo iindlela eziphathekayo nemichiza ke yococeko-iikhemikhali kunye nophando yemichiza lwasenkundleni. Banalo umahluko. Kwimeko yokuqala, kuba uvavanyo zohlalutyo kusetyenziswa imithetho yezempilo yamkelwa. Bona ezibekwe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa. Uphando Sanitary-chemical lwenziwa ngendlela emiselwe yi-nkonzo kwezifo. Le modeli Inkqubo esetyenziswayo eendaba ukuba asekelwe ngeempawu iimveliso zokutya. nabo lokuyivelisa imiqathango ukusebenza isampula.

ukufunda chemical Forensic ijolise ekuchongeni nangokobungakanani iziyobisi, iziyobisi nzima, ibinza emzimbeni womntu, iimveliso zokutya, amalungiselelo zamachiza. Oluhlolo lwenziwa yi isigqibo senkundla.