Unxibelelwano Quantum asebenzayo - inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

physics quantum inikeza indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo ukukhusela iinkcukacha. Kutheni lento kufuneka, ngaphandle ngoku akunakwenzeka ukwakha ijelo lonxibelelwano ekhuselekileyo? Kakade ke, unako. Kodwa iikhompyutha quantum zidalwe, kwaye mzuzu xa zikuyo yonke, ubuchule ufihlo esetyenziswayo ngamampunge, njengoko ezi iikhompyutha anamandla nga ivale nabo uqhekeko yesibini. zonxibelelwano Quantum ikuvumela ukuba ngemfihlo ulwazi usebenzisa photons - amasuntswana esisiseko.

Ezi-computer, abafikelela ijelo quantum, ngendlela enye okanye omnye kuzakuthsintsha imeko yangoku le photon. Kwaye ukuzama ukufumana inkcazelo ebangela umonakalo. Isantya ukudluliselwa kwedata, Kakade ke, lingaphantsi kuthelekiswa namanye amajelo ezikhoyo ngoku, ezifana inkonzo ngomnxeba. Kodwa unxibelelwano quantum inikeza inqanaba eliphezulu lokhuseleko. Kakade ke, a plus enkulu kakhulu. Ingakumbi namhlanje, apho zokulwa nolwaphulo buyanda imihla ngemihla.

unxibelelwano Quantum ngokuba "Dummies"

Xa ijuba sele ithathelwe ngocingo, nayo, indawo kusungulwe kunomathotholo. Kakade ke, namhlanje, akaphumanga naphi na, kodwa kukho nezinye ubuchwepheshe bale mihla. Nje elishumi eyadlulayo, i-intanethi asibhidlanga njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje, yaye ukufikelela ingaba nzima - kwafuneka aye iiklabhu intanethi, ukuba bathenge amakhadi eninzi kunene, njl Namhlanje, singaphili nangemini enye, kwaye sijonge phambili kwi Internet free .. 5G.

Kodwa xa umgangatho wonxibelelwano omtsha ukusombulula iingxaki ngoku zijonge umbutho kunaniselwano data usebenzisa i Internet, ukufumana idata evela Hewana Ngokokuhlala kwezinye iiplanethi, njalo njalo .. Lonke olu lwazi kufuneka zikhuselwe. Kwaye bahlele oko, ungasebenzisa ekuthiwa-bento efunekayo.

Yintoni na unxibelelwano quantum? Kuba "Dummies" ucacisa le nto njenge uqhagamshelwano iimpawu quantum ezahlukeneyo. Kuyaqhubeka naxa amasuntswana yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye kumgama enkulu. Ngemfihlo kwaye ayihambi ngokusebenzisa iqhosha bento efunekayo, ayinikeli naziphi imigewu inkcazelo exabisekileyo, abazama ganga kuyo. Bonke bafumane - ukuba amanye amanani njengoko kwinkqubo karhulumente ukuze angenelele bangaphandle, uya kutshintshwa.

Kodwa ukwenza ihlabathi ayiphumelelanga inkqubo ukudluliselwa data, njengoko amawaka nje ezimbalwa khilomitha, uphawu liphelelwe. Isathelayithi, olwaqalwa ngo-2016, kuya kunceda ukuphumeza inkqubo quantum Umgama iqhosha ukudluliselwa ngaphezu kwe-7 amawaka. Km.

Amalinge lokuqala oluphemeleleyo ukusebenzisa i uxhulumaniso olutsha

Le protocol lokuqala ufihlo quantum yafunyanwa 1984 Namhlanje, obu bugcisa iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwicandelo logcino. iinkampani-waziwa kakuhle baqalisa ukunikela cryptosystem zabo.

link unxibelelwano Quantum okwenzelwa intambo standard ezinesigqubuthelo seplastiki. Kwisitishi Russian yokuqala olukhuselekileyo oko engena phakathi amagumbi "Gazpromabanka" eNew Cheryomushki kunye Cow shaft. Ubude bayo bungama 30,6 km, iimpazamo zothumelo zenzeka iqhosha, kodwa ipesenti yabo minimal - 5% kuphela.

China yasungula unxibelelwano satellite umyinge

isathelayithi yokuqala enjalo ehlabathini yaphehlelelwa e China. Irula Long March-2D sasungulwa ngo-Agasti 16 2016, kunye cosmodrome Tszyu-Quan. 600 kg satellite iya kuba iimpukane 2 ubudala ukuba ilanga-yolunye orbit, ukuphakama oziikhilomitha 310 (okanye 500 km) phantsi kwe "experiments umyinge kwisikali komhlaba." ixesha Ukujikeleziswa ye izixhobo ejikeleza uMhlaba ulingana iiyure enye enesiqingatha.

Satellite unxibelelwano quantum ekuthiwa Micius, okanye "Mo-Zi", wokuwonga elaa bulumko, owayephila ngenkulungwane V yaye, njengoko kukholelwa ngalo, wathwala elokuqala imifuniselo ezamehlo. Izazinzulu uza kufunda indlela sizixhalabise quantum ubambe teleportation umyinge phakathi satellite kunye laboratory Tibet.

Le yokugqibela edlulisela imeko umyinge wemali-isuntswana yi kumgama kwangaphambili. Ukuze kufezekiswe le nkqubo kufuneka iperi efunekayo (ngamanye amagama, enxibelelene) amasuntswana ukuba kumgama ukusuka kwenye. Ngokutsho physics quantum, baye bakwazi ukufaka ulwazi malunga nemeko iqabane, nokuba xa zikude enye kwenye. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukuphembelela kwisuntswana, nto leyo ibekwe kwindawo enzulu, ukusebenza kwiqabane lakhe, ngubani na elandelayo elabhoratri.

Isathelayithi iza kudala photons ezimbini efunekayo, bawathume kwa-Earth. Ukuba experiment siphumelele, uya kuphawula isiqalo sexesha elitsha. Kwamenywa ezi Hewana ziya kuba nako nje kuphela ukunika umyinge ikuyo Internet, kodwa unxibelelwano quantum kwi isithuba zokuhlala elizayo kwiMars kunye nenyanga.

Kutheni kufuneka bangane

Kodwa kutheni kufuneka sibe satellite unxibelelwano quantum? Ingaba Hewana ekhoyo eqhelekileyo akwanelanga? Into yokuba ezi Hewana akayi indawo routine. Umgaqo lonxibelelwano quantum kukuba uku encoder nokukhusela imijelo esele ikhona data oluqhelekileyo. Ngoncedo yayo, umzekelo, sele inika ukhuseleko ngexesha lonyulo zepalamente ngo-2007 e-Switzerland.

Umbutho uphando Non-nzuzo Memorial Battelle Institute, uwugcinayo ukutshintshisana ngolwazi phakathi ofisi kwi US (Ohio) kwaye Ireland (Dublin) usebenzisa bento efunekayo. Umgaqo yalo isekelwe phezu ukuziphatha photons - amasuntswana esisiseko lokukhanya. Ngoncedo lwabo, ulwazi ufakwe kwaye kuthunyelwa khona. Enyanisweni, nkqu lilinge ichanekileyo ukuba aphazamise, shiya uphawu. Quantum utshintsho iqhosha kuthatha nangoko ukusebenza, kwaye Uchwepheshe bazama ukufumana iseta ngamampunge. Ngoko ke, zonke iinkcukacha ziya kusasazwa ngokusebenzisa amajelo onxibelelwano, akunakwenzeka ukuba ganga ngoku okanye ikopi.

Isathelayithi iya kunceda izazinzulu ukuvavanya usasazo ezingundoqo phakathi kwisikhululo emhlabeni kunye satellite ngokwayo.

unxibelelwano Quantum e China iza kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iintambo ifayibha optic, ubude ewonke 2 amawaka. Km kuhlanganiswa izixeko-4 ukusuka Shanghai ukuya eBeijing. ziluhlaza Series ngokungenammiselo ayikwazi ukudluliselwa, kwaye mkhulu umgama phakathi izitishi, kungona ithuba lokuba ulwazi linokonakala.

Emva umgama obunye buye, oko attenuates uphawu, yaye izazinzulu, ukwenzela ukugcina ukudluliselwa oluchanekileyo data, kufuneka indlela ukubonakalisa uhlaziyo emva 100 km. In iintambo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa amacandelo njengeprojekthi enokwenzeka, nto leyo ngokuhlalutya isitshixo zikhutshelwa kwi photons ezintsha kwaye aye phambili.

A incinane

Ngowe-1984, uJean Brassard of Montreal University noCharles Bennett of IBM wacebisa ukuba photons lusetyenziswe zokufihlakeleyoComment isiteshi engundoqo ekhuselekileyo. Bathi icebo elula ngokutsha yezitshixo quantum lokufihla, ogama BB84.

Esi sikimu isebenzisa isitishi quantum apho ingcaciso ethunyelwayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi ezimbini ngokohlobo ithi ngamaza quantum. Wakuva Uchwepheshe yabo zama ukuba awulinganise ziluhlaza, kodwa yena ngokwakhe akanako ukuyenza loo nto, njengoko kucacisiwe apha ngentla, nto eyenza ukuba uhlaba. Ngowe-1989, i-Research Centre of IBM Brassard kunye Bennett ndadala kuqala ukusebenza inkqubo lokufihla quantum ehlabathini.

Yintoni na umyinge enombala kwinkqubo incazelo (Cox)

tehharakteristiki coke Basic (umyinge isiphoso, umyinge data, njalo njalo) ichazwe ngu parameters channel ngokwakha nto ezithi zenze maza walinganisa States quantum. Coke Ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya abafumana kwaye yokudlulisela iindawo abaqhagamshelwe transmission channel.

Imithombo radiation zahlulwe iindidi ezi-3:

• laser;
• microlasers;
• ukukhanya-di-.

Kuba umqondiso optical transmission medium isetyenziswa njenge LED fibre optic, ezidityanisiweyo ezihamba kuyilo ezahlukeneyo.

Uhlobo lonxibelelwano eyinzuzo umyinge

Esisuka amaza apho ulwazi wadlulisela ufakwe la kunye amawaka photons ukuba iziganeko apho omnye ukubetha, nge-avareji, baye ngaphantsi kwemithetho umyinge umanyano kusebenza. Yeyona ukusetyenziswa kwale mithetho ukuya ufihlo classical ivumela ukufikelela wedwa.

Ukungaqiniseki Principle Heisenberg ngokusetyenziswa kwizixhobo umyinge-icryptographic yaye ngenxa yoko, naziphi na iinzame ukutshintsha kwinkqubo quantum ukwenza utshintsho kuyo, kwaye ukuyilwa obangelwe somlinganiselo ezinjalo, kwicala ukwamkelwa umiselwa ubuxoki.

Ngaba umyinge efihla 100% isiqinisekiso nxamnye uqhekezo?

Ithiyori lukunikeza, kodwa izisombululo yobugcisa ukuba uthembeke ngokupheleleyo. Imigewu baye baqala ukusebenzisa umqadi laser, abona dazzle detectors quantum, emva koko kupheza ukuphendula iipropati umyinge we ziluhlaza. Ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswe imithombo multi-photon, kunye bahlaseli uyakwazi ukufumana ithuba Kwathi omnye wabo nokulinganisa twatse.