"I-Boko Haram" yinhlangano enkulu yamaNigeria yama-Islam. Ukutshiswa kobukhulu babantwana ngama-Islamists eNigeria

Okwangoku, isongelo sokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwiindawo zabameli bee-currents of radicism of Islam lifumana amaninzi amaninzi, sele sele libe yingxaki yehlabathi. Ngaphezu koko, imibutho yezobugebengu ezibiza kwaye ipapasha iSalafi Islam, ayisebenzisi kuphela eMiddle East. Zikhoyo kwilizwekazi laseAfrika. Ukongeza kwi "Al-Shabaab" eyaziwa kakhulu, "i-Al-Qaeda", iqela elikhulu "iBoko Haram", elisele liyaziwa ngobugebengu balo obubi kunye nelobubi, liphakathi kwabo. Naluphi na ke, kodwa izicwangciso zeenkokeli zale nkolo inkulu kakhulu, ngoko ukufezekisa "injongo" enkulu baya kuqhubeka bebulala abantu abangenacala. Abasemagunyeni baseAfrika bazama ukumelana neentlanga zobuSulumane, kodwa oku akusoloko kwenzeka. Iyintoni isakhiwo esiphezulu seBhoko Haram? Makhe siqwalasele lo mbandela ngokubanzi.

Umlando

Umsunguli kunye neengcamango zentlangano engenhla ngumntu owaziwa ngokuthi ngu-Mohammed Yusuf. Nguye owamisela isikhungo soqeqesho ngo-2002 kwisixeko saseMaiduguri (eNigeria).

Ingqondo yakhe yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Boko Haram", oku kuthetha "iNtshona - isono" ngesiRashiya. Umgaqo wokugatya impucuko yaseNtshona Yurophu yayisetyenziswe njengesiseko sesigxina seqela lakhe. Kungekudala, "iBoko Haram" yaguqulwa yaba yinkampani enkulu yokuchasana namagosa aseNigeria, kwaye i-ideologist yama-radicals yamangalela urhulumente kwi-Westpower.

Imfundiso

Yintoni uM Mohammed Yusuf nabalandeli bakhe bafuna ukufezekisa? Ngokwemvelo, ilizwe lakubo lalihlala phantsi kwemithetho ye-Sharia, kwaye zonke iimpumelelo zenkcubeko yaseNtshona Yurophu, isayensi, ubugcisa banjelwa kanye kunye. Ngaphandle kokugqoka i-suit kunye ne-tie yayimiswe njengento engafanelekanga. Okuphawulekayo kukuba inhlangano "iBoko Haram" ayikho nayiphi na inkqubo yezopolitiko. Yonke into yokuba ama-radicals azi ukuba enze ntoni ulwaphulo-mthetho: ukuthumba amagosa, imisebenzi yokuhlambalaza nokubulala abantu. Inhlangano ixhaswa ngemali yokuphanga, intlawulelo yamagosa kunye nokutyalwa kwamashishini abucala.

Zama ukuthatha amandla

Ngoko, ngombuzo othi "iBoko Haram" eNigeria namhlanje, ininzi icacile. Kwaye kwakuyiphi iqela leminyaka embalwa edlulileyo?

Wayefumana amandla kunye namandla. Ekupheleni kweso, u-Mohammed Yusuf wazama ukuthatha amandla kwilizwe ngokunyanzela, kodwa isenzo sagqitywa kakhulu, kwaye yena ngokwakhe wathunyelwa entolongweni, apho wafa khona. Kodwa kungekudala "iBoko Haram" inenkokheli entsha - u-Abubakar Shekau othile, owaqhubeka nomgaqo-ntsapho.

Ubume bemisebenzi

Okwangoku, iqela laseNigeria libhekisela kulo "njengePhondo leNtshona-Afrika ye-Islamic State". Umbutho olawula amazwe aseNigeria ngamantla angama-5-6 amawaka. Kodwa i-geografi yomsebenzi wezobugebengu uphelela ngaphesheya kweli lizwe: izigulane zihanjiswa eCameroon, eChad nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Hayi, kodwa abasemagunyeni abanakukwazi ukujamelana neentlanzi: bafuna uncedo oluvela ngaphandle. Okwangoku, amakhulu namashumi abantu abangenacala bathathaka.

Kungekudala, inkokeli yamaphekula amakhulu ayifungela ukunyaniseka kwintlangano yolwaphulo-mthetho "State of Islamic". Njengobungqina bokuzinikezela kwe-IG, iqela leBoko Haram lathumela malunga namakhulu amabini abantu balo eLibya ukuqhuba imfazwe.

Ukwesaba okukhulu

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ngabantu baseNigerian radicals lubangele ubukhohlakali babo, ngaloo ndlela banciphise ukwesaba abantu. Ukubulawa kwamapolisa, ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kunye nokubhubhisa kwamabandla angamaKristu - ezi zizinto nje ezimbi zongxowankulu.

Ngo-2015 kuphela, ama-militants "eBoko Haram" eCameroon abathumba abantu, ngexesha le-pogrom yesigodi saseFlookol babulala abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu, baqalisa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula eBabadam. Ukongezelela, babulala abantu baseNzhaba, kwaye abafazi nabantwana babanjwe eDamasko.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-2014, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN libike ukuba inhlangano enkulu yamaNigeria yama-Islam eBhoko Haram yaziwa njengeqela lamaphekula.

Olunye utyhafu olwenziwe ngolu hlobo lwalwenziwa ngabagubungela kwidolophana yaseChibok. Apho bathabatha amabhinqa angama-270 esikolweni. Lo mbandela ufumane ngokukhawuleza uhlaselo olubanzi loluntu. Ii-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho ngokucatshulwa ngokucokisekileyo malunga nokusebenza ukukhulula abathunjiweyo. Kodwa, maye, bambalwa abakwazi ukugcina. Ininzi yamantombazana yaguqulelwa kwi-Islam, emva koko yaphoqeleka ukuba ishade.

Ukubulala abantwana

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthusayo nolusantyenkqisayo lwenzeka kwidolophana yaseDalory, elisondele kwisixeko saseMaidahuri (ngasentla-mpuma yelizwe).

Kufunyenwe ukuba amalungu eqela leBoko Haram atshisa abantwana abangama-86. Ngokwababoni bokuzibonela abaye baphumelela ukuba babaleke, ama-ambulensi ezithuthuthu kunye neemoto zaza zaza zaza zaza zavula abantu, zaphosa izibhenca emakhaya abo. Izidumbu zabantwana zitshiswa ziphila ziphendulwe zibe ngumlotha womlotha. Kodwa abagqithisileyo bavusa nje. Izigebengu zonakalisa iinkampu ezimbini zokubalekela.

Amanyathelo okulawula

Ngokuqhelekileyo, amagunya awakwazi ukuhluleka ukuphendulela kwiinkqutyana zohlaselo lwabhankqalazi ngabahlaseli. Kwaye abajeziswa nje kuphela eNigeria, kodwa nakwiCameroon, eNiger naseBenin. Iingxoxo zaqhutyelwa apho ingxaki yokuphikisana nabaqhelanisi ixutyushwa ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, isicwangciso saphuhliselwe ukuhanjiswa kweeNkxaso zeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-SMS), ezacelwa ukuba ziphelise ama-militants. Ngokutsho kokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, amandla omkhosi womgaqo-mthetho kufuneka abe ngama-9,000 amajoni, kungekhona nje kuphela emkhosini kodwa kwaye amapolisa athatha inxaxheba kulo msebenzi.

Isicwangciso sokusebenza

Ummandla wokwenza amanyathelo okutshabalalisa ama-militants yahlula yaba ngamacandelo amathathu, ngalinye elo lisekelwe kwilizwe. Elinye i-Baga (ngaselunxwemeni lweLake Chad), enye i-Gambor (kufuphi nomda neCameroon), kwaye yesithathu edolophini laseMora (emntla-mpuma weNigeria).

Ngokubhekiselele kwikomkhulu loMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo, uya kuba ngu-N'Djamena. Ukusebenza kwakhokelwa ngumphathi waseNigeria u-Illya Abakh, owayenamava okubhubhisa ama-militants.

Abasemagunyeni bamazwe bathemba ukuba iqela le "Boko Haram" liya kukwazi ukuhlawulela ekupheleni konyaka, becinga ukuba imfazwe kunye ne-radicals ayiyi kuthatha ixesha elide.

Yintoni enganciphisa inkqubo?

Nangona kunjalo, akusiyo yonke into elula njengoko sifuna. Ukuze umsebenzi ube yimpumelelo, oorhulumente be-SMS kufuneka bazisombulule iingxaki zentlalo zangaphakathi ngokukhawuleza. Ama-almeri asetyenzisela iziphelo zabo ukungaxolisi kwabemi baseSilamsi abanomgangatho ophantsi wokuphila, urhwaphilizo kunye nokulawulwa komthetho. ENigeria, isiqingatha sabemi baMuslim.

Omnye akanako ukuphucula enye imeko, engathintela kakubi isivinini somsebenzi. Inyaniso kukuba abaphathi bamazwe amaninzi ezwekazi lase-Afrika banesifo ngenxa yeemfazwe zengqungquthela, eziye zahlala ngaphezu konyaka.

Urhulumente ulahlekelwe ukulawulwa kwimihlaba yayo, apho ulawulo lwangempela lulawula. Yilokho izinto ezisetyenziswayo, amaSulumane athambekele kwicala lawo, azinzileyo ekukhethweni kwabo kwezopolitiko.

Nangona kunjalo, kodwa i-siloviki sele ikwazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi emininzi yokutshatyalaliswa kwamaphekula. Ngokomzekelo, ama-militants abulawa ehlathini, kufuphi nomzi waseMaiduguri. Kananjalo nasentshonalanga kweso sixeko saseKsseri (enyakatho-mpuma yeCameroon), umkhosi we-CMC wahlutha amalungu angama-40 eBhoko Haram.

Ngelishwa, amajelo aseNtshona awanakudla ngokubaluleka kwiinkqubo ezichasene noluntu olwenziwa ngumbutho "iBoko Haram" kwintsimi yelizwekazi laseAfrika. Yonke ingqalelo ijoliswe "kwilizwe lamaSilamsi", nangona isisongelo esenziwa yiqela laseNigeria libi kakhulu. Amaphephancwadi kunye namaphephancwadi eNigeria asinalo igunya lokuxelela ihlabathi ngeengxaki zabo. Ihlala isenokuba nethemba lokuba le meko iya kutshintsha ngelinye ilanga, kwaye iWest ayiyi kubakho kwiingxaki zobugandlo eMzantsi Afrika.