I-Theophanes yesiGrike: uphawu "Umama wethu kaDon"

Ngowe-1370 kwavela eByzantium waza wahlala kwiNovgorod iminyaka engamashumi amathathu engumdwebi-mboniso weTheophanes. Ama-Novgorodians amnika igama lomnxeba wesiGrike - lalifana kwindawo yokuzalwa, kwaye amagama aseRussia ayehlala edidekile ngamazwi aseGrike ngamazwi esiGrike. Xa, ngeentsikelelo, waqala ukupenda i-Church Transfiguration, eyayise-Street Ilyin, wabonisa imifanekiso emangalisayo yeZizwe ezingapheliyo emehlweni amaNogorodians ukuba uzuko olungapheliyo kwiintsuku zethu lubekwe emva kwakhe.

Iconcerter ivela kwiibhanki zaseBosphorus

Malunga nobomi beTheophanes isiGrike, incinci iyaziwa. Kuyaziwa ukuba wabuya eVolkhov waya eVolga waya eNizhny Novgorod, waza waya eKolomna naseSerpukhov, de wahlala eMoscow. Kodwa yonke indawo, naphi na apho wayethola khona unyawo, washiya emva kwakhe, wayesebenzisa iitemples ezimangalisayo, ezicatshulwa kwiincwadi zecawa kunye neemifanekiso, ezaba ngumzekelo ongafumanekiyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi zabaculi.

Nangona ebudeni bokuba wayehlala kwaye wasebenza iTheophanes isiGrike, wadlula iikhilomitha ezithandathu, kuze kube yimininzi imisebenzi yakhe igcinwe. Lo mdwebo wecawa yaseNovgorod esele ikhankanywe ngokuguquguquka kokuguquguquka, kunye neefrescoes ezindongeni zamathredrals eKremlin - iArkhangelsk kunye neBlagoveshchensk, kunye neCawa yoKuzalwa koMtombikazi kwiSeny. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu, iifoto ezidwetshwe ngentshontsho yakhe zangena kwi-treasure yezobugcisa baseRussia, eyona edume kakhulu yinto engumfanekiso woMama kaThixo oPhezulu kakhulu, owenziwe kwimbali nje ngokuthi "UMongameli wethu weDon".

Isipho kuNkosana uDmitry Donskoi

Ngomlando wokudalwa komsebenzi ogqwesileyo wenkosi kukho ulwazi oluncinci oluninzi phakathi kobugcisa bezembali zikhona iingcamango ezahlukahlukeneyo malunga nonyaka kunye nendawo yokubhala kwayo. Kukho abantu abazithembayo abazama ukumelana nobunzima be-Theophanes (ngombono wabo, omnye wabafundi bakhe babhala ubuso obungcwele). Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide kwakukho inkolelo, ngokusekelwe kwimiba yembali, nangokwesiko somlomo, ngokuthi yiyiphi iTheophanes isiGrike eyadala lo mboniso, kwaye yaya kwada kwada ngo-1380.

Kutheni kunjalo? Impendulo inokufumaneka kwi "Inkcazelo Yembali ye-Monkstery yaseMoscow yaseMoscow," yahlanganiswa ngowe-1865 ngumdumi-mlando odumileyo u-IE Zabelin. Kwiphepha lakhe, umbhali ukhankanya umbhalo wesandla wasendulo, ochaza indlela ngaphambi kokuqala kweMfazwe yaseKukokovo, iiCosacks ezazisa uMkhulu uDuke uDmitry Donskoy lo mfanekiso weNtombi kaMariya, apho uMongameli waseZulwini ngokwakhe wamnika amandla kunye nenkalipho ekunqothulweni kwamandla aseOthodox ekunqothulweni kwabandezeli.

Ngokumalunga nommandla weDon icon kaMama kaThixo emva kokutshatyalaliswa kukaMamai kwintsimi yaseKukoko ngo-1380, kukho iingcamango ezininzi. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba kuthathwa njengowomfanekiso ongcwele kwiminyaka emakhulu amabini anesibhozo, wagcinwa kwi-Assumption Cathedral yaseSimonov Monastery, apho kuthiwa ibhaliwe. Oku akunjalo ngengozi, ekubeni uphawu luhlangothi lwesibini, kwaye ngasemva kwalo kubhaliwe umzobo wokuxhaswa kukaMama kaThixo kwisigqibo esakhiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo samkelwa yiCawa leOthodoki.

Icon - umkhuseli waseRussia

Isiganeko esilandelayo esicacileyo se icon, uDmitry Donskoy eyayifumana ngaphambi kweMfazwe yaseKukokovo, ibhekisela ku-1552, xa, ekuya kwiphulo lakhe lokulwa neKazan Khanate, phambi kwaloo mfanekiso, uTsar Ivan the Terrible wathandaza. Ebuzwa kuMlamli waseZulwini Uthando lwakhe, wathatha kunye naye nomfanekiso obhalwe nguTheophanes waseGrike, kwaye xa ebuya, wambeka kwiCathedral yaseKremlin. I-icon yayihamba kunye ne-tsar kunye nomkhankaso wakhe wePoltsk ngo-1563.

Kuvuyiswa kakhulu nguKumkanikazi wezulu ukuba umfanekiso oMangaliso kaMongameli wethu kaDon wabonakala phambi kwamaRussia ngexesha leemvavanyo ezinzima zempi, ebenza bafumane isibindi nesibusiso sebutho lamaOthodoki. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1591, xa amaqela amaninzi eTatar khan Kazy II Giray eza ku-Mother See. Sekude ukusuka ekuphakameni kweVorobyovy Gory bajonge ngeengqungquthela ezinkulu kwiRashiya, kodwa amaMuscovites avela kwintendelezo yayithwala idini likaMoni likaMon, iindonga zedolophu zagqithisa, kwaye zazingenakufikeleleka kwiintshaba.

Ngomso olandelayo, ngo-Agasti 19, umkhosi weTatar Khan wawa ngobundlobongela obubi, kwaye yena ngokwakhe wasinda ngokusabalala kunye namaqhekeza akhe, kwaye wabuyela ngokukhawuleza eCrimea. Yonke le nto i- Don icon ka-Mama kaThixo yayisebandleni yombuso, kwaye akukho namnye owayengathandabuzeki ukuba ngu-intercession wakhe owanceda ukuqhuba iintshaba kwilizwe laseRussia.

Ekukhunjweni kokuncinci okukhulu kwindawo apho ibandla lobukhosi lalikho ngexesha lemfazwe, basekela iindwendwe, ezabizwa ngokuba yi-Don monastery. Kule ndwendwe entsha, uluhlu lwenziwa ngumbonakaliso omangalisayo owawunika igama layo, kwaye umhla wokubanjelwa kwecawa yawo yonke i-Agasti 19 (Septemba 1). Ukususela ngelo xesha iNtombikazi kaDon iye yahlonishwa njengomkhuseli wasezulwini waseRashiya kubo bonke abaza kuye ngekrele.

UKumkani, ukubanjwa kwexesha leengxaki

Ngowe- 1589, emva kokufa kukaTsar Fyodor Ioannovich, unyana wesithathu ka-Ivan the Terrible, ubukhosi beRurik baqhekeza eRussia, kwaye uBoris Godunov waba yitrone echithekile, ngoko uMongameli wokuqala waseMoscow kunye ne-All Russia, uYobhi, wayibusisa ngobukumkani ngale ndlela. Nangona kunjalo, ukulawula kukaBoris kwakungonwabi. Ihambelane nexesha elibi kunzima lembali yaseRussia, ebizwa ngokuba yixesha leengxaki.

Emva kweminyaka eyisixhenxe entloko yombuso, yahlulwa phakathi kokungenelela kwamanye amazwe kunye nokungquzulana kwangaphakathi kwintlalo, i-tsar yafa ngokukhawuleza ngo-1605, yayingasindanga kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesithathu. Indawo yokuphumula komlawuli oshonile yayiyiKhetyathrasi yaseArchangel yaseKremlin, apho ubuso bukaDon Icon kaMama kaThixo, ukulila kwisiqhumane sakhe, belila ngokungenabugovu ezweni lakubo phantsi kokungathembeki kwi-Fatherland.

Ukuqala kokulawula kukaPetros I

Kuyaziwa ukuba ekuqalekeni kokulawula kukaPetros I-Russia walwa imfazwe neTurkey, eyadlulayo iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu waza waba yinxalenye yePar-European Great Great War. Kwaqala ngephulo lomkhosi waseRussia ukuya eCrimea. Ekhokelwa ngumhlobo wakhe othembekileyo wenkosana, uNkosana Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn.

I-icon ethi "wethu uMninimzi kaDon" yahamba naye ngexesha lonke lezempi, kwaye yaba yinto enzima eRashiya kwaye ixabisa amaxhoba amaninzi. Kodwa ukuncenga kweNtombikazi, eyayibonakaliswa ngayo ngomfanekiso, igcinwe ententeni yintloko-nqununu, yabancedisa amaqhawe, nangona ilahleko zikhulu, kodwa ukuba abuyele ekhaya, ezalisekile umsebenzi abelwe wona ngokuzibophelelana. Iminyaka yokugqibela yekhulu le-17 yenziwa yinkosazana uNatalia Alekseevna emagumbini oodadewabo kaPeter Omkhulu, apho kwakunokuqokelelwa khona imifanekiso emininzi yeempawu, kwaye apho yakugqithiselwa khona emva kwe-Annunciation Cathedral yaseKremlin.

Isiphumo somfanekiso kwii-XVIII ne-XIX zeenkulungwane.

Kwiminyaka eyi-XVIII neye-XIX i-icon eyayinomdla wokuhlonipha. Wathandaza waza wabhala amagama adumisayo. Ukongezelela, umfanekiso ogqithisileyo wawuphakathi kwimiqulu emininzi kunye neengcamango, ezinye zazo ezazibonakalisa imicimbi ebonakalayo, ulwazi malunga nokufunyanwa kwimiqulu yombhalo, kwaye ezinye zeziqhamo zengcamango yabantu, ababefuna ukubonisa uthando lwabo nokubulela kuMlamli waseZulwini.

Ukuhlobisa i-icon ayizange ilukhusele iindlela. Kuyaziwa ukuba ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweNapoleonic umfanekiso wawuhlanganiswe ngomvuzo ocebile ngamatye anqabileyo. Amatye ayebiwe ngamaFrentshi, kwaye emva kokugxothwa kwawo kwakukho isalathisi segolide kuphela se-icon, apho abaphangi babecala ngokubheja.

Iimpawu zobugcisa ze icon

Kubhaliwe kwibhodi ekulinganisa i-86x68 cm. Ukuthetha malunga neenkcukacha ze-icon ezibonisa umfanekiso, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphawu "Don Don Mother of God" lubhekisela kuhlobo loMoya oNgcwele kaThixo "Othandekayo" olwamkelwa ngabadumi bezembali zobugcisa, into ephawulekayo yobumbano obusweni boBhinqa kunye neNyana Yakhe Ephakade. Kodwa intsingiselo yenkolo, eboniswe kwiimpawu zolu hlobo, ihamba ngaphaya komfanekiso wemihla ngemihla ibonisa i-caress yomama nomntwana wakhe.

Kule meko, ibonakaliso ebonakalayo yenkolo yonqulo echaza ubuhlobo bomdali kwiNdalo yakhe imelwe. Isibhalo esicacileyo sithetha ngokuthanda kukaThixo ngokungenammiselo ngabantu, ukuze usindiswe ekufeni kwangunaphakade wamnikela ngoNyana wakhe ozelwe yedwa.

Ubungqina obukhethekileyo kumanani abunamathele kwimeko yangoku yegolide elahlekileyo, apho iNtombi noMntwana baboniswa khona. Isakhiwo esasigubungela ii-halo sasingagcinwa, kodwa inhlanhla, ubuso kunye neengubo zifikile kwiintsuku zethu kakuhle.

Isisombululo sokudibanisa kunye nombala we icon

Isisombululo solu hlobo lomfanekiso siyabonakala ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimpawu zolu hlobo (inguqulo ye-canonical). Intombi Intsikelelo ibambene noNyana, ohlala ekhanda lakhe aze afake kwisihlathi sakhe. Iintsana ezingunaphakade ziboniswa njengokuphakamisa isandla sakhe sokunene kwintsikelelo yesibonakaliso, nangesandla sakhe sokunene esithatha umqulu.

Icon yeTheophanes isiGrike ihluke kwezinye iifoto ze-izvod kunye nomfanekiso wemilenze yomkhonzi kaThixo ehamba ngeedolo, exhomekeke kwisikhonda sesandla sasekhohlo seNtombi. Iifumba ezimboza umbala wakhe wombala we-ocher - izambatho zangaphandle, zityinwe ngumnatha womgca wegolide ogqityiweyo, ukudala ngokudibanisa nombala wendwangu kunye nebala elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka kufaka umboniso oyingqungquthela. Ingqiqo epheleleyo igqitywa ngumlenze wegolide, udonsa umqulu.

Ingubo yeNdlovukazana imelwe ngokulinganayo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngexesha elifanayo kunye nomgca wobukhulu. Ipapape-maforium yayo ephezulu-eyenziwa ngamathoni amnyama kunye nokuqhayisa ngegolide ephotywe ngophondo. Iinkwenkwezi ezintathu zegolide, ngokuqhelekileyo ezisebenzela njengento yokuhlobisa imboleko yakhe, zinentsingiselo ecacileyo. Zifanekisela ubuntombi obungunaphakade boMama bakaThixo-ngaphambili, ngexesha nangemva kokuzalwa kukaYesu.

Iintshukumo ezivela kwiidonons zaseByzantine

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokweengcali ezininzi, i-iconographer iTheophanes yesiGrike (i-Byzantine kwimvelaphi) kwimisebenzi yakhe yadlulela ngaphaya kwezithethe ezisisiseko zesikolo saseConstantinople, abaphathi babo abazange bavumele ukuba baphule iinqununu ezisemgangathweni kwizilingo zokudala. Isithonjana sikaDon sikaMama kaThixo ngumzekelo ocacileyo.

Ukunika iimpawu zobuso beNtombikazi ubukhulu obukhulu kunye nokubonakalisa, umculi uvumela i-asymmetry kwindawo kwindawo yomlomo kunye namehlo. Ayefani, njengemifanekiso yamatisha aseByzantine , kodwa ahlelwe kunye nokuhla kweexes. Ukongezelela, umlomo uhamba ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwinqanaba.

Iinkcukacha ezibonakala zingabalulekanga, ezisetyenziswe ngumlobi ngeenjongo zobugcisa kuphela, kwakungoko kunjalo, ukuphulwa kweenqwelo ezinqunywe yiConstantinople, kwaye eByzantium zazingathatyathwa. Kwaye kukho imimiselo eninzi kwiimifanekiso kunye neefrescos ezenziwa nguTheophanes waseGrike. "Intombikazi kaDon" yenye yazo.

Emuva kwe icon

Inomdla omkhulu ngumva webhodi, ebonisa ukuxhaswa kweNtombikazi-icon, njengoko ikhankanywe ngentla, ibini elisezantsi. Udwebo apha lugcinwe kangcono kunobuso. Kwaye kubhalwe ngokucacileyo nokuba nombhalo onqabile obhalwe yi-cinnamar. Mhlawumbi inendima idlala kunye ne icon kwi icon, ebiwe yiFrentshi ngo-1812, isikhumbuzo sokuthi isakhelo segolide kuphela se-icon esasaphila nanamhla sikhonza.

Xa ukhangela umfanekiso, kukho ukungabikho kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kweli bali. Inkosi ayizange ibandakanye ekubunzeni umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wezithunywa zezulu, abapostile, abafazi abalilayo, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezifanayo. Ephambili ngumfanekiso kaYesu Kristu ephethe ezandleni zakhe umncinci omncinci obonakalisa umphefumlo ongafi woMama kaThixo.

Ngaphambi komfanekiso kaKrestu, umzimba weNtombikazi efile ihleli embhedeni, ijikelezwe ngamanani abapostile abalishumi elinesibini kunye nobabhishophu ababini ababekho, ngokutsho kweZibhalo ezingcwele, ekuphelisweni kweNtombikazi kaMariya. Iimpawu zimbini iinkcukacha, ezibonakalisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamagqabantshintshi kwi-icon yokudweba: ezi zizakhiwo ezibekwe emaphethelweni e-icon kunye nentsingiselo yokuba le mcimbi iyenzeka ngaphakathi kwegumbi, kwaye ikhandlela elibekwa phambi kombhede weNtombikazi luphawu lokuphila.

Iingxoxo malunga nokubhalwa kwe icon

Kuwuphawu lokuba umzobo oboniswe kwicala eliphambene naloo icon uthabatha ngokucacileyo kwizithethe zemizobo yaseByzantine. Oku kubonakaliswe bubuso bokuba ngabapostile, bengenalo iimeko eziqhelekileyo zezithethe zaseConstantinople, iimpawu zobukhosi. Abaphandi abaninzi bemisebenzi yeTheophanes isiGrike bagxininisa kwimisebenzi yabo, babalaseleyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, eziqhelekileyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo.

Akumangalisi ukuba ukungafani phakathi kwemisebenzi yeTheophanes yesiGrike kunye neenkcukacha zezobugcisa zaseByzantium kwanikezela inani labalingcali bezobugcisa bebuza imibuzo ebhaliweyo yemisebenzi ebanjwe kuye. Ingcamango yabo iyaqondakala kakuhle, kuba ebhankini yaseBosphorus umculi akazalwanga nje kuphela, kodwa wakhiwa njengomphathi wepeyinti ye-icon - asimele sikhohlwe ukuba weza eRashiya eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Indlela yakhe yokubhala isondele kwisikolo seNovogorod kunowokuzalwa waseByzantine. Iminyaka emininzi yokuxoxa ngalo mbandela iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje, nangona kunjalo, ilawulwa yimbono yokuba, ekubeni kwilizwe elitsha kuye kwaye unethuba lokubona ezininzi iimpawu ezidala ezenziwe ngabaphathi baseRussia, umculi osetyenziswa kumsebenzi wakhe izici zobunjani.

Iikopi ezidumileyo ze icon

Kuyaziwa ukuba ngexesha lemihla yamashumi eminyaka kwimbali yohlu uluhlu oluninzi lwaluyenziwe kuyo. Eyokuqala yale mihla ibuyele ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka. Yenziwe ngomyalelo womzala uDmitry Donskoy - uPrince Vladimir Andreevich, kwaye, ehlotshiswe ngomvuzo we-silver gilt, waba isipho sakhe kuThathu-St Sergius Lavra.

Ngethuba lika-Ivan loyikrakra, ngomyalelo wakhe, zintlu zintlu zenziwe, enye yazo, eyathunyelwa eKolomna, yabuya ilahleka, kwaye enye, eyafakwa kwi-Assumption Cathedral, isaphila nanamhla. Xa uMthendeleko wezulu ngo-1591 wanceda amaMuscovites ukuba aphephe ukuhlasela kukaKhan Girey, kwaye kweso sakhiwo apho icawa yesigodi yayimi khona, i-Don monastery yasungulwa, ngokukhethekileyo kuye enye uluhlu lwesimangaliso. Iikopi eziliqela zexesha elizayo ziyaziwa.

I-Monastery yaseDonskoi: idilesi kunye nokuthutha ngezothutho zikawonkewonke

Ixesha leSoviet laliyiqela elitsha kwimbali yeDon icon kaMama kaThixo. Ukususela ngo-1919 lo mfanekiso ufakwa kwiqoqo leTrtyakov Igalari. Nantsi enye yeemboniso eziphawulekayo zecandelo le-Old Russian yokudweba. Kanye ngonyaka, ngomhla wokubanjelwa kwecawa yonke, umfanekiso uhanjiswa kwiNdlunkulu yaseDonskoy (idilesi: eMoscow, iDonskaya sq. 1-3), apho kubanjwe khona inkonzo engcwele kaThixo phambi kwakhe, apho abantu abayizinkulungwane babutha khona. Wonke umntu, ngeli xesha ngeli lizwe eMoscow, ufuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kulo, angaya kwi-monasteri, eshiya isiteshi se-metro uShabovskaya.

Akunjalo ngethuba lokuba lo mfanekiso we-Most Holy Theotokos unandipha uthando olukhethekileyo phakathi kwamaRashiya. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, kuyo yonke imbali yayo inxulumene nemikhosi yemikhosi yabasemagunyeni be-Fatherland, kwaye ngaye uNdlovukazi waseZulwini wabonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo uncedo kunye nokuncenga kubantu baseOthodoki.