Methanol - ntoni na? Methanol Ityhefu: Iimpawu and Treatment

Mhlawumbi ngaphezu kanye, ngamnye kuthi sivile malunga nobunzima yityhefu kufuyo enkohliso utywala (kubandakanywa ukufa), kwafunyaniswa apho methanol. Yintoni na nokuba kutheni kuyingozi kakhulu imiphumo emzimbeni? Kutheni idityaniswa iziselo ezinxilisayo? Ucinga ukuba yintoni imiphumo yokwamkelwa izinto ezinjalo? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, kufuneka sibhenele imbali kwemveliso utywala, nazo akusiwa yayo endle yemisebenzi yabantu kunye na kwiimvavanyo zeklinikhi.

methanol

Methanol - ulwelo ezingenambala enetyhefu ke utywala elula monohydric, kwaye ke ilungu lokuqala thotho homologous ye-alkoholi monohydric. Kwakhona kwizangqa zenzululwazi ibizwa ngokuba umthi okanye imethyl utywala, carbinol kunye imethyl hayidroksayidi. Ulwelo ezifunyenwe ulwelo lwe lignin okanye iinkuni - edityanisiweyo iintsalela nezityalo enemithi cell iindonga. Xa ezwi kucalu of methanol na igcwala buso methane methane ngu phindana nge methylenechloride. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala utywala monovalent yabhaqwa ngo 1661 ngu UBoyle kwi ulwelo lwe iinkuni ezomileyo. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva izazinzulu nombhalo Dumas and E. M. Peligo wakwazi ukufumana methanol ngohlobo ecocekileyo. Synthesizing utywala ngezinga mveliso kwaqala ngo-1923 eJamani. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, methanol lisetyenziswa kuphela, isiseko nokubanda, amafutha octane ipetroli kudla.

Effects on emzimbeni

Methyl utywala yenye ityhefa eyingozi kakhulu umhlaba. Uqhagamshelwano nge inani ml 10 iziyobisi ibe umzimba womntu kusenokukhokelela kwiinguqu vuhlayiseki kwi lwezidumbu: ubumfama, ukuphazamiseka nokusebenza enyama yangaphakathi (kwizintso, isibindi), iindawo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi ebuchotsheni. Ukufa kwenzeka ukuba isixa-mali ka-1-2 grams 1 ikilogram sobunzima ngasinye tapeworm methanol. Yintoni na yaye kutheni imali encinci enjalo ukwimo liyakwazi ukubulala umntu? Eyona nto kukuba xa tapeworm utywala monohydric na oxidized ukuba formaldehyde - iyityhefu esinamandla ochaphazela luvo yaye ihlangana iiprothini. Ngapha koko, umphumo ityhefu asiyi kuba kwaoko emva kokuba zikhutshiwe iziyobisi egazini, yaye emva kweeyure ezimbalwa. Ngoko ke, de ukubonakala iimpawu zokuqala yingozi abantu abasoloko ixesha ukusela umthamo ebulalayo.

methanol ingozi

umngcipheko Main ngeempahla kukuba methanol kunye ethanol (ingxenye enkulu iziselo ezinxilisayo) ayikwazi zizakubalulwa: abanakwazi incasa efanayo kunye nevumba, zombini ulwelo enemibala. ). Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu methanol (ukusuka RUR 15.500 ngetoni nganye). Ngezi zizathu ke abantu badla bungxengwe utywala. Enye ingozi kukuba lunezinto Ityhefu kwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa iimveliso eziqulathe methanol. Yintoni na yaye oko kwenzeka njani? coolants Vaporization, ulwelo ukuhlamba windows, izinto paintwork ziqulathe athom utywala ukuba bangene umzimba, Ukuqokelela kubangela utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo. Ngoko ke ityhefu akakwazi kuphela utywala, njengoko kukholelwa ngalo kwilizwe lethu, kodwa impahla ezineziphene.

methanol ityhefu

Iimpawu Yokuqala yityhefu zenzeka emva kweeyure 8-72 emva nokudla methanol. Owokuqala ubunzima inkqubo luvo: uvakalelo ngokugqithiseleyo ekukhanyeni (photophobia), komlomo abafundi, intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi kunye kuphazamisane impilo jikelele, kunciphise novakalelo, clouding lokuqonda.

Ityhefu methanol ingozi ngenxa kwingxinano, okanye ukunyusa ubungakanani igazi ancedisana amalungu, oko kusenzeka ngenxa erythrocytes ukwanda ezibukhali kwinqanaba mpilo. Ngenxa yoko, nkcwe kuba umzimba, unenxaxheba ithinti oluhlaza. Ukukhula kwinkqubo zophendlo lwezifo ongena isigulana zikwimeko comatose ngenxa nokudumba lobuchopho. Hyperemia kukhokelela ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo nokuphefumla - uphefumla lube nzulu kunye nokungaphumeleli kwawo, ixhoba kukho yimvakalelo yokuswela umoya. Ngelo xesha unciphisa ubume, intliziyo akakwazi ukuba bamelane "neyanamhlanje" ye isixa esikhulu igazi wonke umzimba ngenxa lutshitshe. kwenzeka ekufeni.

uncedo lokuqala ukuba ityhefu

Xa efumanise Iimpawu zokuqala yityhefu kufuneka ngoko nangoko ubize inqwelo yezigulana. Ukuba oku akwenzeki, kufuneka kukwandisa isixa amanzi aphele. Kunqweneleka ukuba sibusele enesiqulatho kwealkali: amanzi ezimbiwa, umxube acid citric, kunye nokusetyenziswa iitumato, iibhanana, zeerasintyisi, yomdiliya, hlaza, ubusi, kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Xa izicwangciso zonyango methanol ityhefu baphathwa ngokuthi unike kungena eziphilayo-ethanol. Ukuba akuqinisekanga ukuba eyona ndawo iphambili enetyhefu na methanol, ukusetyenziswa yevodka njengoko alikaziwa kukwala. Gcina ubomi bukhulu lavage esiswini, ukugabha wayenga.

izibalo kuthiya

Imbali yakutshanje yabantu iye yabhalwa iimeko ezisixhenxe yityhefu abaninzi kunye methanol. Inani elikhulu labantu kwalimala abantu Julayi 1981 e-India - abaye babulawa ityhefu abantu 308. Ngo-2000, urhulumente El Salvador kurhanelwa abagrogrisi, ngenxa lokusela ukusuka methanol ityhefu wabulala abantu 122. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho namnye izityalo emveliso utywala lo mgubo abuyi kufunyanwa. Ubunzima Ityhefu Russian yabhaliswa ngoDisemba 2016 ngenxa yokusetyenziswa "Hawthorn" - ulwelo ekuhlambeni, apho isakhiwo kamva wafumanisa methanol. Yintoni na nendlela ukuthintela mandla - bengaziwa. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba yityhefu abachaphazelekayo abantu 123, kubo 76 abaye bafa. Disemba 20 kwathiwa yimini bezilile kummandla Irkutsk.

Ukusetyenziswa methanol

Isixa inkulu methanol kukuba ngepeyinti iimveliso. Oku kusetyenziswa kuphela ngenxa hexa yalo phezulu kunye nokukwazi ukunyibilika izinto eziphilayo polymeric. Kumazwe aseYurophu, umxube imethyl kunye ethyl utywala ezisetyenziswa iziqholo. Kodwa Russia ezinjalo iimveliso nathintelwayo ngokomthetho, njegawo nawaphi na amanye imveliso umsebenzisi ne methanol. Ngenxa octane ophezulu ezinye "inkosi" methanol lisetyenziswa kwi khaya aphezulu amafutha octane. Le utywala lisetyenziswa ngendlela engazange mveliso ukuze bafumane biofuels.

Kwindalo, utywala imethyl kunqabile kakhulu kwaye hi mpimo lowutsongo. Oku ikakhulu oli efunekayo jasmine kunye wintergreen. Ukubunjwa ezi-oyile ziquka salicylic acid kunye anthranilic. Methanol kumafa wabo akukho ayingozi ebantwini. Noko ke, loo nto ingadala uxabane. Ngoko ke overreliance kwi oyile kungaba yingozi kwimpilo.