Ngeliphi Hewana eziphaphazelayo kwendawo, orbit ukubala, isantya, namacala yentshukumo

Kanye njengokuba nezihlalo kwindawo yokubonela kuvumela jonga ezahlukeneyo kwi ukumelwa wezijikelezi ezahlukeneyo Hewana zinika umbono, nganye eneyazo injongo yayo. Abanye babonakala ukuba sijinga phezu kwinqanaba phezu kwamanzi, zinika isishwankathelo rhoqo elinye icala Umhlaba, lo gama enye ujikeleze umhlaba wethu, imini enye engacimekiyo phezu kwiindawo ezininzi.

iintlobo wezijikelezi

Ngeliphi lisendaweni satellites eziphaphazelayo? Kukho 3 iintlobo umhlaba: aphezulu, aphakathi kunye ephantsi. E liqhele eliphezulu ukusuka kumphezulu ngokubanzi ezininzi zemozulu kwaye ezinye satellites zonxibelelwano. Satellites Bajikeleza umhlaba orbit medium ziquka lwamaqosha ekhethekile esweni endaweni ethile. Eyona zesayensi iziphekepheke, kubandakanywa inkqubo yokubeka esweni ukwenzela umphezulu fleet NASA Umhlaba, kuba a zanda eliphantsi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba flying Hewana phezulu kuxhomekeke kwisantya yeentshukumo zabo. Njengoko usondela ubunzulu Earth kuba intshukumo ngokomelela, kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, NASA Aqua yesathelayithi kuthatha malunga 99 imizuzu ukuba ukubhabha kuwo wonke umhlaba malunga 705 km, kwaye iyunithi zemozulu, ukuba kude 35786 km ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba, bekuya kufuna iiyure 23, imizuzu 56 nemizuzwana-4. Kumgama km 384.403 ukusuka embindini Umhlaba iNyanga ephelelisa revolution elinye iintsuku ezingama-28.

indida ashukimisayo

satellite kwendawo kuguqulwe Kuchaza enqatheni isantya orbit. Apha kukho nto imangalisayo. Ukuba umqhubi satellite ufuna kuzakwandisa isantya wakhe, yena akanako nje silubaleke iinjini ukuba lunikezelo. Oku kuya kwandisa komzila (nobude), nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekuncipheni ngesantya. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka usebenzise i-injini kwelinye icala sesindululo le yisathelayithi, okt. E. Ukwenza isenzo kuya kuthoba ihamba on Earth. inyathelo okunjalo kuya kwenza ngezantsi oko kuya kwandisa isantya.

iimpawu ilawula

Ukongeza ubude, indlela sesindululo le yesathelayithi uphawuleka eyinqaba nokuthanda. Eyokuqala iphathelene imilo komzila. Satellite imenza ephantsi eyinqaba ecaleni yophuhliso ukusondela setyhula. Komzila ome okweqanda. Umgama ukusuka isiphekepheke ukuya Earth ixhomekeke kwindawo yayo.

Ukutyekela - engela komzila ngokuphathelele-ikhweyitha. Isathelayithi, nto leyo esijikeleziswa ngqo phezu ikhweyitha, uye kwithambeka zero. Ukuba isiphekepheke udlula phezu ngasentla kunye nezibonda emazantsi (ngokwezelizwe kunye nemagnethi hayi), utyekelo yalo ° 90.

Bonke ndawonye - ubude, eyinqaba kunye ukutyekela - amisele isindululo le ngesathelayithi kunye enjalo umbono wakhe uya kukhangela ngathi umhlaba.

uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-Earth

Xa satellite ifikelela kanye 42164 km ukusuka kwiziko yomhlaba (malunga 36 amawaka. Km ivela kumphezulu), ingena ummandla apho ihlangabezana ujikelezo komzila planethi. Njengoko uhamba machine ngesantya esifanayo njengoko uMhlaba, oko kukuthi. Xesha E. Its of revolution iiyure ezingama-24, kubonakala ukuba uhlala endaweni kuphela nasentshonalanga, nangona kusenokuba siqhele ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi. Okuwo eliphezulu ezizodwa kuthiwa geosynchronous.

Lihamba satellite kwi emzileni setyhula ngentla ngqo kwi-ikhweyitha (i eyinqaba kunye neengcamango zero) kwaye xa kuthelekiswa uMhlaba limi ngxi. Yena usoloko imi ngentla ingongoma efanayo kumphezulu wayo.

orbit zinexabiso elikhulu esweni imozulu, njengoko Hewana kwaso ukunika inkcazo ngokuqhubekayo kwindawo kumphezulu efanayo. Yonke imizuzu embalwa, kwiiskimu zemozulu, ezifana IYA, ukunika ulwazi malunga amafu, umphunga wamanzi kunye nomoya, kunye ukujikeleza rhoqo ulwazi isiseko esweni kunye nolwemozulu yemozulu.

Ukongeza, izixhobo yesifrentshi kunokuba luncedo kunxibelelwano (zeefoni, umabonwakude, unomathotholo). IYA Hewana zinika search umsebenzi nokuhlangula beacon, kusetyenziswa ukuncedisa ekufuneni leenqanawa kunye moya ekubandezelweni.

Ekugqibeleni, abaninzi Hewana Umhlaba vysokoorbitalnyh esweni umsebenzi solar esweni amanqanaba Amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye radiation.

Ukubalwa ukuphakama orbit

Isathelayithi isebenza centripetal amandla F _p = (M v ₁ ²⁾ / R kunye omxhuzulane amandla F _t = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / ^R-2. Ekubeni ezi mpembelelo bayalingana, kunokwenzeka ukuba umyinge emacaleni ekunene, wabagawula ₁ M ubunzima ngabo. Isiphumo inxaki v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. Ngoko ke Velocity v = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Ekubeni orbit i ubude isangqa 2πr Velocity Orbital yi v = 2πR / T.

Ngenxa yoko, R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Ekubeni T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 NM ² / kg ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ kg, ngoko R = 4,23x10 ⁷ m sithabatha evela R. Earth radius, lingana 6,38x10 ⁶ m, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi Hewana ephakame fly oxhonywe enye ingongoma wobuso - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi indawo

Ezinye omise Zikhulu ingongoma आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi, apho amandla womxhuzulane koMhlaba uyahlawulwa nokundileka iLanga. Bonke kukho, endinomdla ngokulinganayo kwezi imizimba yasezulwini lijikeleza kunye iplanethi yethu ngeenxa inkwenkwezi.

Iingongoma ezintlanu Lagrangian kwinkqubo Sun-Umhlaba, kuphela yokugqibela ezimbini, ebizwa ngokuba L5 kunye L4, izinze. Xa abanye yesathelayithi ufana ibhola nobunzima phezulu induli: nasiphi perturbation okungephi kuya akathi. Ukuze bahlale ukwimeko elungeleleneyo, kwisiphekepheke umele ukulungiswa rhoqo. Kule iingongoma ezimbini zokugqibela Hewana आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi befaniswa ibhola ibhola: kwanasemva ukuphazamiseka esomeleleyo, baya kubuya.

L1 ibekwe phakathi Umhlaba kunye Sun, ivumela Hewana leyo ekuwo, ukuba ubenemboniselo yangaphezulu rhoqo inkwenkwezi yethu. Observatory ABU solar, NASA ngesathelayithi, i-Arhente Space European ukuba ukulandelela ilanga ukusuka आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi kwindawo yokuqala 1.5 million ukusuka Earth.

L2 sise kumgama elifanayo ukusuka eMhlabeni, kodwa emva kwakhe. Satellites kule ndawo ifuna enye kuphela ikhaka ubushushu ukuze sizikhusele ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nobushushu. Le yindawo elungileyo ngeeteleskopu isithuba, kusetyenziswa isifundo uhlobo wonke ngokusebenzisa kokuma radiation microwave yangasemva.

Ingongoma yesithathu Lagrangian ibekwe phambi kwe-Earth kwelinye icala kwelanga, ukuze ukukhanya usoloko phakathi kwakhe iplanethi yethu. Isathelayithi kule ndawo baya kuba nako ukuqhagamshelana ne Earth.

Kakhulu oluzinzileyo yesine neyesihlanu आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi indawo endleleni Orbital ngayo emhlabeni ngo-60 ° phambili nangasemva Earth.

umhlaba emzileni Medium

Ukuba kufutshane zoMhlaba, la Hewana ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kukho ezimbini orbit eliphakathi-Umhlaba: semi-yolunye, yaye "Lightning."

Ngeliphi lisendaweni Hewana eziphaphazelayo a emzileni semi-yolunye? Kuyinto phantse setyhula (eyinqaba okuphantsi) zisuswe kwi kumgama 26560 km ukusuka kwiziko yomhlaba (malunga 20200 km ngaphezu komhlaba). Satellite kule ephakame yenza kujikelezo epheleleyo qho kwiiyure ezili-12. Ubuncinane iintshukumo zakhe Umhlaba ujikeleza ngaphantsi. Kuba 24 h kwaye osembndini iingongoma ezimbini twatse kwi-ikhweyitha. Okuwo iyavumelana kwaye unokuxelwa kwangaphambil kakhulu. Inkqubo isebenzisa global GPS.

Orbit "Lightning" (utyekelo 63,4 °) isetyenziselwa ukuba uqwalesele ezinezinga eliphezulu. Hewana orbit ziqhotyoshelwe-ikhweyitha, ngoko ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe-elide umgama kwimimandla esemantla okanye esemazantsi. Le okuwo kakhulu lukhuni: kwisiphekepheke ezinambuzelayo an ellipse evuthelweyo kunye Umhlaba, akhiwe kufutshane elunxwemeni omnye. Ekubeni yesathelayithi kwandiswa womxhuzulane, yona ihamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu xa kufutshane iplanethi yethu. Xa ususa i isantya lingancipha, ngoko uchitha ixesha elininzi kwi phezulu komzila kude ukusuka elunxwemeni Umhlaba, umgama apho unako ukufikelela amawaka-40. Km. ixesha Orbital ziyure ezili-12, kodwa malunga esithathwini ezimbini xesha yesathelayithi ichitha phezu ikhweyitha mnye. Kanye komzila satellite semi-yolunye udlula indlela efanayo qho kwiiyure ezingama-24. Isetyenziswa unxibelelwano intlomo ngasentla okanye ngasezantsi.

low Earth

Uninzi satellite zenzululwazi, abaninzi zemozulu kunye nendawo isikhululo abakulo eliphantsi Earth komzila kufuphi-setyhula. ithambeka yabo ixhomekeke iliso ukuba benza ntoni. TRMM yaphehlelelwa ngenxa esweni lemvula, ngoko abe tyekelo ephantsi kakhulu (35 °), lo gama ezishiyekileyo kufuphi-ikhweyitha.

Imigqaliselo abaninzi NASA satellites phantse polar orbit vysokonaklonnuyu. Kwisiphekepheke ihamba phakathi umhlaba kwipali ukuya ipali kunye kwisithuba 99 imiz. Isiqingatha ixesha udlula phezu kwicala emini ngayo le planethi, uze ubuyele ubusuku bonke esibondeni.

Njengoko isindululo le satellite Umhlaba ujikeleza ngaphantsi. Ngexesha le yunithi engena isahlulo enakhanyiselwa ngayo, oko phezu kwendawo ezikufutshane ukuya kummandla lokudlula orbit yayo yokugqibela. Ngeli xesha iiyure ezingama-24 ka-Hewana polar ukugubungela inkoliso Umhlaba kabini, kanye imini kanye ebusuku.

orbit Sun-yolunye

Kanye njengokuba Hewana geosynchronous kufuneka ngaphezu ikhweyitha, ebavumela ukuba sihlale kwindawo enye, polar-Bajikeleza uyakwazi ukuhlala ngexesha elifanayo. orbit yabo ilanga-yolunye - ekudibaneni kwe-ikhweyitha iziphekepheke ixesha solar wengingqi sisoloko efanayo. Umzekelo, Terra yesathelayithi zihlangane phezu Brazil abasoloko 10:30 kusasa. ekudibaneni Okulandelayo emva min 99 phezu Ecuador okanye Colombia kwakhona kwenzeka 10:30 ngexesha sendawo.

orbit Sun-yolunye kuyimfuneko ukuba inzululwazi, njengoko ivumela ukugcina i-engile kwelanga esiwa phezu komhlaba, nangona ziya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka. Le ukungaguquguquki kuthetha ukuba izazinzulu ezinokuthelekiswa iminyaka eliqela ngaphandle kokuba sibenexhala nokuxhuma enkulu kakhulu ukugubungela ngexesha elinye-imifanekiso kule minyaka umhlaba, nto leyo olunokudala wenkohliso utshintsho. Ngaphandle kokuba ilanga-yolunye orbit bekuya kuba nzima ukugcina ingxelo yabo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ezifunekayo isifundo yotshintsho lwemozulu.

Umendo yesathelayithi ulinganiselwe kakhulu. Ukuba kunjalo ezinobude-100 km, komzila kufuneka abe ojonge ° 96. Nakuphi na ukutenxa ususwe. Ukususela kweelana emoyeni kunye nomkhosi enomtsalane kweLanga bese umzila Ukutshintsha izixhobo kwenyanga, kufuneka rhoqo kulungiswa.

Beka orbit: Qalisa

Oku kuphehlelelwa ifuna amandla, imali leyo ixhomekeke indawo pad sungula, ukuphakama kunye kwithambeka isikhokelo elizayo kwayo. Ukuze ufikelele emzileni ekude, kufuneka lokusebenzisa amandla. Satellites ne utyekelo enkulu (umz, polar) lingaphezulu eneji ngaphezu kwabo amathole-ikhweyitha. Beka orbit kunye etyekele esezantsi lokunceda ukujikeleza komhlaba. I-International Station Space lujika kwi-engile 51,6397 °. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwisiphekepheke kunye imijukujelwa Russian baba lula ukufumana kuye. Ukuphakama ISS - 337-430 km. satellite Polar, kwelinye icala, esebenzisa ubume Umhlaba abayifumani, ngoko ke ifuna amandla ekusafuneka azinyuke umgama elifanayo.

ukulungiswa

Emva lokwaziswa yesathelayithi kuyimfuneko ukwenza iinzame ukuba ayigcine kwindawo okuwo ethile. Ekubeni Umhlaba ayikho sphere egqibeleleyo, amandla ayo yomelele kwezinye iindawo. Le angalinganiyo, ukongeza nokutsala ilanga, inyanga kunye Jupiter (i planethi inkulu ye-Solar System), litshintsha utyekelo komzila. Ukuphila isikhundla sakhe IYA Hewana izakulungiswa izihlandlo ezithathu okanye ezine. izixhobo Leo NASA kufuneka nyenyisa ukuthambeka yayo qho ngonyaka.

Ukongeza, i-Hewana-Umhlaba kufuphi kuchaphazela emoyeni. Lo maleko zeentaba, nangona kakhulu ezincinane, kufuneka ukumelana ngokwaneleyo womelele ukuze basondele ngakumbi Umhlaba. Isiphumo womxhuzulane ikhokelela kwezinga-Hewana. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, etshile nje uwele wayetshona ophantsi yaye ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, okanye zizakuwela umva Earth.

ukumelana Air unamandla xa ilanga esebenzayo. Kanye njengoko umoya ibhaluni iyavuleka kwaye ayanyuka xa itshiswa, uyakhula liphuma nomoya xa ilanga kwenza ukuba amandla olongezelelweyo. Ezabanjwa maleko esesibhakabhakeni iyanyuka uthathe indawo luthe yazo. Ngoko ke, i-Hewana Bajikeleza umhlaba kufuneka ukutshintsha indawo yayo malunga amaxesha amane ngonyaka ukubuyekeza kutsalo komoya. Xa solar umsebenzi eliphezulu, indawo isixhobo kufuneka amanqaku makalungiswe kuzo zonke kwiiveki 2-3.

Space kobutyobo

Isizathu sesithathu, atsho kum nezijikeleza - doti isithuba. Enye yonxibelelwano satellite iridium nemoto a non-esebenza baxhomekeka Russian. Bayiqhekeza, ukudala ilifu kobutyobo eziquka iinxalenye ngaphezu kwama 2,500. nto nganye ifakwe kwi-database, leyo ngoku iquka izinto ezingaphezulu kwama 18.000 ka imvelaphi anthropogenic.

NASA ijonga ngenyameko yonke into awayeyifumana endleleni-Hewana, okt. A. Ngenxa doti ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwafuneka utshintshe orbit.

iinjineli Center Mission Wolawulo iliso ubume Hewana nesithuba kobutyobo, nto leyo iphazamise intshukumo kwaye njengoko kufuneka zicwangcise ngononophelo zijike evasive. Izicwangciso Iqela efanayo kwaye yenza uhlela ukunyenyisa nokujikeleza ukuphakama satellite.