Iingqungquthela eziLwazi zaseFrance

IFransi lizwe eliphambi kwabanye. Kukho apha ukuba iinguqulelo zokuqala zenzeke, kungekhona nje kuphela ezentlalo, kodwa nazo zincwadi, ezathonya ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa kwihlabathi lonke. Ababhali baseFransi kunye neebongozi befuna iindawo eziphakamileyo ezingakaze zenziwe. Kwakhona kunomdla ukuba kwakuseFransi ukuba umsebenzi weengcali ezininzi wawuvavanywa ngethuba lobomi. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngabalobi abaluleke kakhulu kunye neebongozi ze-XIX-yokuqala ye-XX, kwaye kwakhona sivulele isigqubuthelo ngexesha lokuthabatha ubomi babo.

UVictor Marie Hugo (1802-1885)

Akunakwenzeka ukuba ezinye izibongi zaseFransi zinokulingana nobubanzi bukaVictor Hugo. Umbhali owayengesabi ukwandisa iindatshana zentlalo kwiimvanoveli zakhe, kwaye ngelo xesha, imbongi yothando, waphila ubomi obude obugcwele impumelelo. U-Hugo njengombhali wayengabonakali nje ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe - wayenotyebi ngokwenza lo msebenzi.

Emva kwe "Cathedral of Notre Dame" uzuko lwakhe luye landa. Ngaba kukho abalobi abaninzi kwihlabathi abaza kuhlala igama labo iminyaka emine kwisitalato ? Ngomnyaka wama-79 wobomi (ngomhla wokuzalwa kukaVictor Hugo), kwakhiwa i-arch of victory kwi-Avenue ye-Eylau-eqinisweni, phantsi kweefestile zombhali. Ngaloo mini kwadlulela abantu abayi-600,000 abanomdla. Kungekudala isitrato saqanjwa kwakhona kwi-Victor-Hugo.

Emva kwakhe, uVictor Marie Hugo washiya imisebenzi emihle kunye nefa elihle, ama-francs angama-50 000 awayewuthatyelwa kwabampofu, kodwa nakwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga kwintando. Walawula ukubizwa kabusha kwe-capital yaseFrance-eParis - eHugopolis. Enyanisweni, le nto yodwa engazange yenziwe.

Theophile Gautier (1811-1872)

Xa uVictor Hugo enengxaki yokugxeka i-classicist, uTheophile Gautier wayengomnye wabancedi bakhe abacacileyo nabanyanisekileyo. Izibongo zaseFransi ziye zafumana ukuzaliswa ngokugqwesileyo kwezigaba zazo: uGauthier akagcini nje kuphela ngeendlela zokubhala, kodwa kwakhona wavula ixesha elitsha kwezobugcisa baseFransi, okwenzeka emva koko.

Emva kokumelana neqoqo lakhe lokuqala kwizithethe ezingcono zesitayela sothando, uTheophile Gautier ngexesha elifanayo wagwetywa kwiindinyana zeendabuko kwaye watshintsha umtsalane weebongo. Akabhalelanga ngobuhle bemvelo, uthando olungunaphakade kunye nezopolitiki. Ngaphezu koko, imbongi ibhengeze ubunzima bezobugcisa bevesi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingqungquthela zakhe, ngoxa behlala besithandane, bebengekho zabo - iimvakalelo zanikwa indlela yokwenza.

Kwiqoqo lokugqibela, "i-Enamels kunye ne-cameos", ebizwa ngokuba yinto ephakamileyo yomsebenzi kaTheophile Gautier, i-manifesto ye "Parnassian school" - "Art" nayo yangena. Wayememezela umgaqo "wobugcisa ngenxa yobugcisa", ababongi baseFransi bathatha ngokungathandabuzekiyo.

UArthur Rambo (1854-1891)

Umlobi waseFransi uArthur Rimbaud waphefumlela ubomi bakhe kunye nezibongo ngezizukulwana ezingaphezu kwesinye. Ebudeni beminyaka, wayesoloko ebalekela ekhaya waya eParis, apho wadibana noPaul Verlaine, emthumelela inkondlo "Inqanawa yokudakwa". Ubunxibelelwano obusondeleyo phakathi kweebongozi ngokukhawuleza lwaba yintando yothando. Yilokho eyenza uVerlaine ukuba ashiye intsapho.

Ngethuba lobomi beRimbaud kuphela iikholeji ezi-2 kuphela zapapashwa kwaye zahlukana - ivesi lokuqala "Umkhumbi weDrunk", owamzisa ngokukhawuleza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba inkqubela yeembongi yayimfutshane kakhulu: wabhala yonke imibongo eneminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kweyesi-21. Kwaye emva kokuba uArthur Rimbaud engafuni ukubhala. Ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye waba ngumthengisi, uthengisa iziqholo, izixhobo kunye ... nabantu bonke ubomi bakhe.

Iingqungquthela eziziwayo zaseFransi uPaul Eluard kunye noGuillaume Apollinaire zithathwa njengabazukeli ku-Arthur Rimbaud. Umsebenzi wakhe nomntu waphefumlela uHenry Miller kwisicatshulwa esithi "Ixesha LamaKillers", kwaye uPatti Smith uhlala ethetha ngembongi kwaye ucaphuna imibongo yakhe.

UPawulos Verlaine (1844-1896)

Iimbongo zeFrentshi zangekhulu leshumi elinesithoba zanyula uPaul Verlaine ngokuthi "ukumkani" wazo, kodwa ukumkani ekungekho ngokwaneleyo: ulungelelaniso kunye novelisayo, uVerlaine uchaze uhlangothi olungabonakaliyo lobomi - ukungcola, ubumnyama, izono kunye nokuthanda. Omnye "ooyise" wokungabonakali kunye nokubonakaliswa kwincwadi, imbongi imbhali yabhala imbongo, ubuhle bomsindo ongeke uguqule nayiphi na inguqulelo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umlobi waseFransi wayenenkohlakalo kangakanani, uRimbaud wadlala indima enkulu kwixesha lakhe elizayo. Emva kokudibana no-Arthur omncinane, uPawulos wamthatha. Wayeyifumana imbongi yezindlu, kwaze kwaba yithuba elithile wayiqeshisela igumbi kuye, nangona wayengazibutyebi. Uthando lwabo lwaluhlala iminyaka emininzi: emva kokuba uVerlaine washiya intsapho, bahamba, basela kwaye banandipha kakhulu njengoko banako.

Xa uRimbaud enqume ukushiya umthandi wakhe, uVerlaine wadubula isandla sakhe. Nangona ixhoba lala isicelo, uPaul Verlaine wagwetywa iminyaka emibini entolongweni. Emva koko, akazange abuyele. Ngenxa yokungakwazi ukushiya uluntu lukaArthur Rimbaud Verlaine akazange akwazi ukubuyela kumfazi wakhe - wathabatha umtshato waza wamchitha ngokupheleleyo.

Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918)

Unyana wendlalifa yasePoland, eyalelwa eRoma, uGuillaume Apollinaire ungowokuFransi. KwakuseParis kangangokuba wayehlala ebutsha kwaye ekhulile iminyaka, de kube sekufeni kwakhe. Njengezinye iibongozi zesiFrentshi zexesha, uApollinaire wayekhangela iifom ezintsha namathuba, afisa ukunyaniseka - kwaye waphumelela kule nto.

Emva kokupapashwa kweprose isebenza ngomoya wokuziphatha kakubi kunye ne-mini-collection of poetry Bestiary, okanye i-Orpheus, eyapapashwa ngo-1911, uGuilume Apollinaire ushicilela iqoqo lokuqala le-Alcohol (1913), elalikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukungabikho kwegrama, Imifanekiso yeBaroque kunye ne-swings ye tone.

Ukuqokelela "iCaligram" yahamba ngakumbi - zonke iindinyana ezazibandakanyiweyo kule ngqoqo zabhalwa ngendlela emangalisayo: imigca yemisebenzi ihlelwe ngamacwecwe ahlukeneyo. Umbono womfundi yintombazana enentambo, injengejuba ehamba ngentla emthonjeni, i-vase of flowers ... Le fomu ibonise intsingiselo yevesi. Inkqubo, ngendlela, inokude neyintsha-ukunika inkondlo ifomu iqalwe yiNgesi kwi-XVII leminyaka, kodwa ngelo xesha uApollinaire wayelindele ukuba kubonakale "ukubhala ngokuzenzekelayo", okubanjwe ngabadluliyo.

Igama elithi "ukuzondla" lilingana ngqo noGuillaume Apollinaire. Wabonakala emva komveliso we "Surrealist drama" "I-Sisters yaseTiresias" ngowe-1917. Isangqa sababongi kunye naye, ekhokelwa ngeli xesha, saqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi-surrealists.

UAndré Breton (1896-1966)

Ku- Andre Breton, intlanganiso kunye noGuillaume Apollinaire yaba yinto ephambili. Kwenzeke ngaphambili, esibhedlele apho uAndré, udokotela ngokuqeqeshwa, wayekhonza njengamayeza. UApollinaire wathola isingxubusho (isiqwenga seprojekti saguqa intloko), emva koko akazange abuyele.

Ukususela ngowe-1916, u-Andre Breton uye wabandakanyeka kakhulu emsebenzini we-poetic avant-garde. Uhlangana noLouis Aragon, uPhilip Supo, uTristan Tzara, uPaul Eluard, utyhila imbongo yeLautraemont. Ngowe-1919, emva kokufa kukaApollinaire, izibongo ze-epatage ziqala ukuzilungelelanisa no-Andre Breton. Kwakhona kulo nyaka, umsebenzi odibeneyo noFilipi Soupo, onesihloko esithi "Amaginetic fields", ebhaliweyo ngokweendlela "zokubhala ngokuzenzekelayo", ipapashwe.

Ukususela ngo-1924, emva kokumenyezelwa kweManifesto yokuqala yokuSungula, uAndré Breton waba yintloko yentloko. Ekhaya lakhe kwi-Fontaine Avenue, i-Bureau ye-Surreal Studies ivula, amaphephancwadi ayapapashwa. Oku kwakuqala ukuqala ii-ofisi ezifanayo zentlangano-jikelele ezaqala ukuvula kwiidolophu ezininzi emhlabeni jikelele.

Umbongi waseFransi u-André Breton wakhuthaza ngokunyanisekileyo abalandeli bakhe ukuba bajoyine iqela lamaKomanisi. Wayekholelwa kwiminqweno ye-communism kangangokuthi wafumana intlanganiso kunye noLeon Trotsky eMexico (nangona ngelo xesha wayesele axoshwe kwiQumrhu lamaKomanisi).

ULouis Aragon (1897-1982)

Iqabane elithembekileyo kunye no-Apollinaire, uLouis Aragon wayengu-André Breton wesandla sokunene. Umlobi waseFrentshi, u-communist de ukuphefumula kwakhe kokugqibela, ngo-1920, i-Aragon yakhulisa iqoqo lokuqala lemilobe ethi "Imililo yomlilo", ebhaliweyo kwisitayela sokuzondla kunye noDada.

Emva kokungena kwembongi kwiqela lamaKomanisi ngo-1927, kunye neBreton, umsebenzi wakhe uguqulwa. Ngandlela-thile iba "ilizwi leqela", kwaye ngo-1931 uyatshutshiswa ngenxa yombongo othi "i-Red Front", egcwele umoya onobungozi wokuvuselela.

EPeru, iLouis Aragon iphinde ibe "kwi-History of the USSR". Wayexhasa iinjongo zobukhomanisi ebomini bakhe bonke, nangona imisebenzi yakhe yakutshanje yabuyela emancinci kwizithethe zokuba yinto engokoqobo, engayifaki "ebomvu."