Ixesha koqeqesho ye Cenozoic yeXesha: inkcazelo, imbali kunye nabemi

Last koqeqesho neeminerali, yaye ngoku iza kwenziwa ngo-1829 ngu Scientist Jules Desnoyers. ERashiya, ikwabizwa ngokuba anthropogenic. Umbhali lo gama ngowe-1922, waba komhlaba Alexey Pavlov. iphulo yakhe efuna ukugxininisa ukuba eli xesha unxulunyaniswa yimbonakalo yomntu.

Ukohluka kwexesha

Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izihlandlo zejoloji ixesha koqeqesho yahlukile ixesha kakhulu elifutshane (iyonke million 1,65. Years). Ukuqhubeka namhlanje, kuhlala phahla. Enye into - ubukho kwi neetyuwa koqeqesho zeentsalela nenkcubeko yabantu. Eli xesha luphawulwa utshintsho ezininzi kwaye yababuhlungu zemozulu, kakhulu nempembelelo kwindalo.

Ukupholisa nezolo kubangele glaciation ezinezinga esemantla ilele ezinezinga asezantsi. Ukufudumala wenza kanye nomkhwezeli. zolwakhiwo ngentlenga ye zeminyaka edlulileyo isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo entsonkothileyo azibenzi cut isalamane emhle kwaye izaleko zinaso. Koqeqesho yahlulwe iiphiriyodi ezimbini (okanye isebe): Pleistocene kunye Holocene. Umda phakathi kwabo ubuxoki kwi-12 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Imfuduko enezityalo nezilwanyana

Ukususela kanye ekuqaleni kwethuba koqeqesho waphawulwa ngenxa kufutshane sisityalo mihla kunye nezilwanyana. Utshintsho kwi-mali ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo zoludwe lungapholi kunye ukufudumala. Xa kuqala kweentlobo glaciation cold- bafudukele ngasezantsi yaye oxutywe bangaphandle. Kwisithuba yenyusa umyinge lobushushu yinkqubo umva. Ngeli xesha, yandise kakhulu indawo ityala sinokuhlasela eshushu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana nefumileyo yaye emvula. Kangangexesha elithile, yaphela yonke tundra umbutho wehlabathi ephilayo.

Flora izihlandlo eziliqela ukumelana nokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo iimeko. Iziganeko zeentlekele ezininzi ngeli xesha yabalasela ixesha koqeqesho. kwesimo Imozulu ziye zakhokelela ukuba mpofu iifom ezibanzi-zodonga kwaye evergreen, kwakunye ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala iintlobo herbaceous.

Kwemvelo of ezanyisayo

Utshintsho kakhulu ubonakala ezanyisayo ehlabathini isilwanyana ochaphazelekayo (ingakumbi iqondo ungulates kunye Proboscidea e Northern saseNtla). Xa Pleistocene ngenxa zizothuso zezulu ngesiquphe safa iintlobo ezininzi thermophilic. Ngelo xesha ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo kukho izilwanyana ezitsha ukumelana ngcono ukuba siphila kwiimeko ezinzima zendalo. Kwincopho ukuphela izilwanyana kufikelela phakathi Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 amawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). Noko ke, ukupholisa kwesigubungelo platform ukuyilwa egqitywe kwi koqeqesho.

Ekupheleni kwale Pliocene South eMpuma Yurophu bekuhlala mastodons, hipparions elephant emazantsi, saber-unamazinyo amahlosi, imikhombe kunye t Etruscan. D. In ngasentshonalanga yeHlabathi Old ukuba baphile iinciniba kunye iimvubu. Noko ke, izilwanyana Pleistocene yokuqala baqalisa ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo. Xa kuqala i Dnieper glaciation, iintlobo ezininzi thermophilic safudukela emazantsi. Kwicala elinye yasiwa izihluma indawo zokusasaza. Era Cainozoic (koqeqesho ingakumbi) bafumana amandla zonke iintlobo zobomi.

bestiary koqeqesho

Ngomhla kumda osemazantsi glacier kukho iintlobo enjalo yokuqala, ezifana ndlovu, lomkhombe ezinoboya, adle, must-inkomo, lemming, icula emhlophe. Bonke bephela babehlala kuphela kwiindawo ezibandayo. iingonyama Cave, amabhere, leengcuka, imikhombe kunye nezinye ezinkulu-onothando kuqala wahlala kule mimandla zibhangile.

Sezulu esibandayo esekwe eCaucasus, Alps, i Carpathians kunye zasePyrenees, inyanzelisa iintlobo ezininzi ukushiya iintaba eziphakamileyo Ndaya ndahlala ezintlanjeni. Ezinoboya imikhombe kunye mammoths ahlala nokuba yeYurophu (singasathethi lonke eSiberia, apho yawa North America). zezilwanyana Relict of Australia, Umzantsi Melika, South and Central Afrika wasinda wabulela ngabodwa salo lonke ihlabathi. Mammoths kunye nezinye izilwanyana liziqhelanise kakuhle nemozulu ngqwabalala, saphela ngasekuqaleni Holocene. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nangona glaciation ezininzi malunga 2/3 ye ngaphantsi komhlaba awuze abachatshazelwa yi-ice sheet.

uphuhliso lwabantu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo koqeqesho akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle 'abantu. " Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo yomntu - isiganeko ezibalulekileyo lonke eli xesha zembali. Indawo yeziganeko abantu abaninzi yamandulo ngoku eMpuma Afrika.

uhlobo kakhokho yomntu mihla - ezi australopithecines, ebeyinalo usapho ezibumnturha. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, baye kwabonakala ixesha lokuqala e-Afrika, kwiminyaka 5 million eyadlulayo. ngcembe Australopithecus waqala wahamba tye zezitya konke. Malunga 2 million kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, bafunda ukwenza izixhobo kwakudala. Ngoko ke kwakukho indoda lokuposa. kwiminyaka million A eyadlulayo wambumba Pithecanthropus, iintsalela apho zifumaneka eJamani, Hungary kunye neTshayina.

Bamandulo Phaya kanye nabantu mihla

kwiminyaka 350 engamawaka eyadlulayo kwakukho Paleoanthropes (okanye Neandertals), extinct kwiminyaka 35,000 eyadlulayo. Khondo yomsebenzi wabo zifumaneka ezinezinga kumazantsi nesiphakathi Europe. Paleanthropic kufakwe abantu banamhlanje (neanthropines okanye sapines homo). Baya kuqala wangena America kunye Australia, kwakunye iziqithi ezininzi loni yi iilwandle eziliqela.

Sele neanthropines zokuqala phantse eyahlukileyo akukho kubantu namhlanje. Ba kakuhle yaye ngokukhawuleza ukuqhelana notshintsho lwemozulu kwaye bafunda ukuphatha kakuhle ilitye. Ezi ezibumnturha got zakudala ithambo, izixhobo zomculo likumgangatho ophantsi, izinto zobugcisa ocoliweyo, izacholo.

Koqeqesho kumzantsi eRashiya washiya iisayithi ezininzi zakudala ezinxulumene neanthropines. Noko ke, baya kwimimandla ezininzi wasentla. Okupholisa abantu baye bafunda ukuba kusinda ngoncedo impahla uboya kunye nemililo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, koqeqesho Western eSiberia nawo wabona ukwanda abantu bezama ukungena kwintsimi entsha. kwiminyaka 5000 edlulileyo Obhedu, kwiminyaka 3000 eyadlulayo - yentsimbi. Ngelo xesha eMesopotamiya, Egypt lweMeditera kwaqala amaziko impucuko yamandulo.

minerals

Izazinzulu bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezininzi neetyuwa uye wasishiya xesha koqeqesho. Iidipozithi kule nkulungwane yeminyaka iintlobo iidipozithi, non-ebuntsimbi kunye izinto ezinokutsha, nezentsimbi ekrwada of imvelaphi ludaka. Aziwayo iidipozithi Littoral kunye nezikhukhula. Eyona minerals ibalulekileyo kwixesha koqeqesho: igolide, iidayimani, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile kunye Gold.

Ukongeza, ixabiso elikhulu ekrwada ezahlukeneyo yentsimbi edikeni nechibi-nomgxobhozo imvelaphi. Eli qela ziquka iidipozithi yemanganizi mednovanadievye. izihloko anjalo aqhelekile elwandle.

Nokuqhama ongaphantsi

Nanamhlanje kuqhubeka ibulale emaweni ethandwa yetropika kwexesha koqeqesho. Ngenxa yale nkqubo yakheke laterite. Loo benazo isale aluminiyam nentsimbi kwaye izimbiwa ebalulekileyo Afrika. uqweqwe Metalliferous ezinezinga efanayo iidipozithi zizityebi nickel, ayibe, ikopolo, manganese, kwakunye clays eliyinjubaqa.

Kweli xesha koqeqesho kwakukho ezibalulekileyo kunye neeminerali non-zalo. Le graviyniki (ukusetyenziswa kwazo yande zokwakha) nokwakha kwentlabathi zeglasi, ilitye nepotassium iityuwa, isalfure, borates, umgquba, kunye lignite. Xa neetyuwa koqeqesho komhlaba wagqiba ukuba mthombo wamanzi okusela. Musa ukulibala malunga permafrost kunye ngumkhenkce. Ngokubanzi, ngexesha lokugqibela zejoloji uhlala isithsaba, eyaqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-4.5 billion eyadlulayo, ukuba izinto zazivelela zejoloji Umhlaba.