Ookumkani laseYiputa: list, imbali, olunomdla kunye neempawu

Ilifa le mpucuko yamandulo eziphuhlileyo, owaphuma kule Valley umNayile, kuba nanto zenzalo. iziza zembali World-edumileyo ukugcina iimfihlelo ezininzi kwaye neemfihlelo ukwakhiwa iiphiramidi ezinkulu ngokungeyompumelelo nzima izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke. Egypt wamandulo Musa ukungxama ukuba babelane nabanye ngeemfihlo, kodwa uxelele zibakala ngqo yooKumkani wolawulo.

Ezinye iinkcukacha malunga ngoFaro

amawaka aliqela urhulumente olawulwa ngoofaro - ngummeli kaThixo emhlabeni, baye, bakholwa ukuba amandla omlingo. Bathi elawula zonke iinkalo zobomi samaYiputa, kunye nababingeleli abakhulu ingqalelo ngokwabo abakhonzi zabo, nangona abanye ookumkani balawulwe ezandleni zabo.

Abahlali babekholelwa ukuba umlawuli ixhomekeke Empumalanga nokuvuthwa sesityalo. Ukuba ityala bhubhane eyoyikekayo phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu, imfazwe luqala, oko kwakuthetha ingqumbo koothixo njengoko isekela lakhe.

Nookumkani bamaYiputa ayengavunyelwa ukuba waxuba igazi labo kunye zabantu, ngoko zendela oodade babo kuqala, uze emva koko nje ukutshata kunye namabhinqa eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa itrone leyo ilifa zizalamane azalwe kuphela komntwana.

Abafazi, apho igazi nguThixo ziphele, yiba negunya ngakumbi, yaye walawula eYiputa de oonyana babo bengekafiki ukuvuthwa.

Yayingubani lo owaseka ubukhosi lokuqala koFaro?

Izazinzulu abazi ngqo xa wazalwa imeko umYiputa, kodwa emva izifundo zophondo zifumanise ukuba malunga namawaka amathathu eminyaka eyadlulayo, sele likhona.

Owaseka ubukhosi yokuqala uKumkani Min. Wakha njengenqaba, apho kamva saba likomkhulu kunye sasebukhosini. Memphis uFaro of the United waseYiputa, ubuntu bakhe eninzi mpikiswano phakathi izazinzulu. Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba Min - unyulo kwexesha ezintathu zokuqala ooFaro Predynastic zonke iimbambano enxulumene yokunqongophala kwemithombo ebhaliweyo.

umbuso ekuqaleni

Yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko elandelayo, malunga apho kakhulu waziwa - kuqala dynastic. Ookumkani amakhosi yokuqala neyesibini baseYiputa (yeHore Heke, Hasehem) emibonweni abathintela yonke imvukelo, wajoyina ilizwe ibe karhulumente kwindawo enye.

Ngeli xesha uqala imveliso yeengcongolo nezibhaliweyo ngokubanzi iphembelela inkcubeko yezinye eziqaphelekayo. IYiputa iya isiba ilizwe nezolimo ephuhliswe kakhulu.

umbuso wamandulo

Ubukumkani samandulo luphawulwa iimfazwe rhoqo. Ookumkani sesithathu baseYiputa - yesibhozo Dynasty (Sneferu, Djoser) yanqoba amazwe kumantla Nubia yaye bababamba kwimigodi yobhedu kwi yaseSinayi Peninsula.

OoFaro abe namandla kakhulu, kwaye urhulumente uguqulwa uba despotism kwindawo enye.

Ngokuyalelwa ukumkani Zoser iqala ukwakhiwa kumangcwaba e Giza.

Ebudeni bolawulo yesiHlanu Dynasty ooFaro amandla iqala ukuba buthathaka, lo gama iYiputa yahlulahlulwe iiyunithi yolawulo - Noma.

The Middle umbuso

IBhodi ubukhosi yeshumi iwela kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Ngelo xesha, siya kwi imfazwe izizwe ezingabamelwane na, wakha inqaba ukuzithethelela.

Kumkani (Amaphoyisa) Egypt Ancient - Amenemhet mna, Senusret III - labemi kakhulu iziqu. Ngeli xesha izixhobo kwaphuculwa kwaye kukho izixhobo ngobhedu. Kufunyenwe negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso ezolimo ngokusebenzisa ngokudala inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela.

umbuso entsha

E New Kingdom, apho yathi XVIII-XX Dynasty (Thutmoses I, Hapshetsut, Amenhetep IV, UNeko II), Egypt similise karhulumente enamandla. uphuhliso loqoqosho Rapid ngenxa yokufika amabanjwa zokusebenza, igolide ezibiweyo kunye nemfuyo.

Ngeli xesha kukho izixhobo zentsimbi esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, namantshontsho ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuveliswa negilasi. Ubugcisa ukuqwayita izidumbu ifikelela yogqibelelo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI BC wambumba izikumkani ezimbini, Lower eYiputa, yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezahlukileyo neziphezulu izibophelelo, nekomkhulu yayo saseNo. abalawuli Nubian ziimfazwe liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, ndithembe ukuza kuthimba lizwe.

Ekhulula urhulumente abahleli owaseka ubukhosi saisskoy Psammetichus I.

Ukukhululwa yamaPersi ekupheleni ebukumkanini nookumkani baseJiputa

ulawulo Persian ziquka ixesha elithile. ukumkani Alien lukaCambyses wavakalisa uFaro ubukhosi XXVII.

Yaye 332 BC, kukho ke olu uloyiso waseYiputa A. Great, lowo wakhulula lizwe ukusuka namaPersi. Ixesha of Hellenism, yaye ubukumkani ooFaro iphelile ngonaphakade.

KoFaro laseYiputa yaMandulo: itafile

Le dating ngqo wolawulo ookumkani Kusekho nto-mpikiswano phakathi zabaphengululi. Makhe sicinge nje ngesiseko itafile sesiko ngokusekelwe maxesha ka unjingalwazi Archaeology P. Nicholson kunye Ph.D. J. Shaw, kwaye iquka nabalawuli ibalulekileyo.

Ukunqulwa abafileyo

Ethetha nookumkani bamaYiputa, singasathethi ubudlelwane ekhethekileyo ukufa amaYiputa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela ukunqulwa kwabafileyo. Abahlali ayekholelwa yokungafi komphefumlo, yiya kwihlabathi elilandelayo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba kunye nokugcinwa umzimba elifanelekileyo kubuya, ngoko ke izithethe lengcwaba yayisekelwe laloo nto kunye bomisa yomntu oswelekileyo.

izakhono ezikhethekileyo kule ndawo yaba ababingeleli abakhulu abaye bafunda ukugcina umzimba koFaro ongenakonakala.

Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ookumkani eJiputa kunye emva kokufa kwakhe walawula kokufa, ngoko amasiko ibalulekile kakhulu. KoFaro ngexesha ubomi beengcinga ikhaya obungunaphakade, naphezu iiphiramidi Giza Plateau zakhiwa, iba yindawo yokungcwaba neyamabamba woothixo.

indawo engcwele

I ezaziwayo-kakuhle Valley of Kings eYiputa, sime malunga isixeko uAmoni (Luxor) - yindawo ekhethekileyo, apho ngoofaro kungcwatywa. De kube ngoku, etsala abaphandi kwimbali yempucuko yamandulo. iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe edlulileyo nokwazeka UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Valley ezingcwele vika ngenyameko ukuthintela kwempahla emangcwabeni, kodwa buthathaka kwamandla ooFaro apho abaphangi kunye nabakhenkethi abenza ezingenakulungiswa okubi sarcophagi.

uhambo uNapoleon, nto leyo kwafika injongo kokoyiswa laseYiputa, yaba iqela lokuqala, nto leyo eyayifikelela amakhadi emangcwabeni. Emva kokupapashwa imisebenzi ezisingelwe amangcwaba Fivskim Uhambo eyaziwa abembi zenzululwazi ziye zenza ndafumanisa izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.

Ukudideka emangcwabeni

Eyokuqala wafihlwa Valley of Kings aba Thutmose Mna, kwaye ingxaki enkulu kukuba akukho bani owaziyo uhlobo ingcwaba oko upokoit. Le ukudideka ikhona namanye amangcwaba, nangona Egyptologists bakholelwa ukuba bonke ookumkani baseYiputa zokungcwaba labucala, eyakhelwe ngokukodwa kubo.

Ngo-1827 i edumileyo Isazinzulu D. G. Vilkinson kwangenisa emangcwabeni revolution yenzululwazi ndibopha ukubala uqale consoles KV. shaft Service eyabelwe iileta kuphela Latin. Umzekelo, ingcwaba edume Tutankhamun sanikwa inombolo 62 KV.

Abaphandi baye eyaziwa ngokuba amangcwaba 64, le yokugqibela kakuhle nangoku.

Uloyiko kwempahla mangcwaba

Ide XV BC, ooFaro bangcwatyelwa kumsitho okhethekileyo kwi iiphiramidi yakhiwe ngexesha lokudla kwabo. Abalawuli balawula umsebenzi kwaye uthathe unonophelo malunga nendawo ekuza kungcwatyelwa nje kuphela, kodwa imiba indlu eza kuba kunye nabo ehlabathini yomngcwabo, ngenxa yokuba nkqu kummandla uOsiris, uthixo neyamabamba kufuneka ukuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Ngoko uthi kwimbali yamandulo.

Nookumkani bamaYiputa bangcwatyelwa sarcophagi, bejeweled. I Engcwele kwi iiphiramidi kwi Giza thafa baphangwe ihlanjelwe perezahoranivalis Mama okanye yempambano zonqulo. Ukuhlukunyezwa wamoyika Thutmose I wenza utshintsho izithethe lusekiwe. Wayalela ukuba maze ndimngcwabe endaweni esitheleyo nezisitheleyo, nto leyo eye yaba iqula nzulu entilini.

Iteyiphu yephepha nabaphangi

Zonke emangcwabeni ezilandelayo bahlabeka waya engxondorheni, zokungena ziye bezenze ngamatye, yaye endleleni amalungiselelo imigibe eyahlukahlukeneyo ukuba abaphangi. kakuhle enjalo yenqaba kwigumbi emangcwabeni, waphumla uFaro - ukumkani waseYiputa.

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iSixeko Abafileyo eliseThebhes akazange kusinda isiphelo lusizi, kwaye Engcwabeni kwi Valley waqalisa kuphanga ebudeni bolawulo XX-xxi yaka koFaro. amagosa aphezulu eYiputa wathengisa izihombiso igolide emangcwabeni, leyo badlula amangcwaba abakhi abangazange bafumane imali ngenxa yomsebenzi.

Namhlanje, Valley of Kings yindawo ekhethekileyo, eyalingqinelayo yamandulo imbali yaseYiputa. Zifumaneka isiza esibalulekileyo zakudala baphalaze ukukhanya kwezo ziganeko phambili impucuko, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo.