Inkqubo yokuhlaliswa Stolypin: injongo kunye neziphumo

ubukumkani Romanov ixesha banika ihlabathi abantu abaninzi abalaseleyo abaye udale elidlulileyo enkulu yembali yabantu Russian. Pet Arkadevich Stolypin - enye amanani yezopolitiko enye XIX-XX iinkulungwane. nkqubo Immigration, i intlokoma kwinzame zalo guqula, negalelo kuphuhliso eSiberia. Kuyinto ngenxa Petru Arkadevichu intsimi Russian unabela ngaphaya Urals, kunye eSiberia kunye East Far nguye amaziko inkulu industrial weli lizwe.

ubuntu wenguquko

Peter Arkadevich usuka kwintsapho amanene yeengcungcu. Xa intsapho yakhe kwakukho zomkhosi baninzi oye wathatha inxaxheba ebalulekileyo amadabi XVII, ngenkulungwane XVIII. Ngokusebenzisa imfundo kunye nesikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini, Stolypin wamiselwa yalelani yezikhulu, yaye emva koko, emva kokuba isibini amashumi eminyaka, isithuba yoMphathiswa of Internal Affairs yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Injongo yawo nalo negalelo revolution ka-1905. Xa ephithizelayo isihlava kunye ukunganeliseki uPetros Abramovich wenza ngobulumko ekuyenzeni. izindululo bakhe umoya ezintsha ezifunekayo kule ngamaxesha obunzima.

Ngelishwa, umbane ngokukhawuleza ekuphuhliseni lomsebenzi we-nkqubo obalaseleyo komlawuli eRashiya wachacha njengokuba ngokukhawuleza nje. Ngowe-1911, yena wabulala. Kodwa ilifa oxabisekileyo ekhohlo ukuya kwisizukulwana esizayo amathuba woshishino kummandla yaseSiberia and East Ekude, kunyuswe uphuhliso elo umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wabavela.

"Revolution" Nelinoxolo Stolypin

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo yokuhlaliswa, nangengqwalasela nokuhlola iziphumo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola Imizamo uPetros Abramovich. Ekubeni kunikwe abalimi eSiberia yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Stolypin uguquko kwezolimo, nto leyo nayo ngokuba umlimi.

Kule ncwadi zembali, abaninzi ebizwa ngokuba 'revolution zoxolo ", njengoko isigqibo wayethatyathwe olukhulu - utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwezolimo kunye umyalelo neyabalimi yobomi. Kodwa ke ukunganeliseki kwabantu, baye ayibangelwa njengoko abantu banikwa ithuba lokukhetha ikamva lazo - yiya uphuhliso eSiberia, okanye uhlale kwinxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya.

Oonobangela Sasungulwa Stolypin iinguqu

Iziphumo kwe revolution 1905 wakwenza kwacaca - indlela kawonke yobomi yamahlwempu waphila yokusebenziseka kwaso:

• ukukhula Industrial kokuba kangako,
• Russia wahlala i ngamandla kwezolimo,
• Kokubona abantu bakhula.

Kufuneka utshintsho elingundoqo kunye nophuhliso olunokubakho noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Eyona njongo iphambili yale nkqubo yokuhlaliswa yile uphuhliso lwemimandla ezintsha.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX ukusebenza imihlaba karhulumente seyihlatywe amadlala kuba abalimi akazange afune imali eninzi umsebenzi kweli lizwe, nenokuthi kuba nangaliphi na ixesha Bayisusile wanikelwa kwenye kuluntu. Kwaba yimfuneko kuphuhliso kumashishini abucala kunye nobunini babucala.

nkqubo Ungenelelo waba usukelo:

1. Ukuphuhlisa ipropati yabucala kunye nokunciphisa ukunganeliseki kwabo abalimi.

2. resettle izihlwele ababengaxolanga kude kude kwikomkhulu.

3. Ukuze ufunde amazwe ezintsha eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude.

4. Yenza iimeko uphuhliso industrial weli lizwe.

Ilifa S. Yu. Vitte

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imfuneko utshintsho abakuqondi S. Yu. Vitte. Xa imisebenzi yakhe wafunda zonke iingxaki nkqubo zasekhaya yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaye ngokweenkcukacha apeyintwe iindlela zokuphucula kubo. Uluhlu kukwaquka yotshintsho kwiindawo zezolimo - ezizezi, imfuneko yophuhliso yayo olukhawulezayo (ngenxa ubugcisa hayi umsebenzi manual) kunye nokudalwa imarike imveliso kukhuphiswano.

Xa ulungiselela le nguqulelo Stolypin wasebenzisa amava Witte. Sinokuthi Stolypin kuphunyezwa Ushintsho, walungisa kodwa akuphelelanga Witte ngokunxulumene nokurhoxa emsebenzini wakhe. Noko ke, wena awukwazi nciphisa ngokubaluleka Stolypin, njengokuba yena nako ukweyisela Tsar Nicholas II kwi imfuno utshintsho waza wenza igalelo sibalulekile lokuququzelela inkqubo yokusebenzisa practical.

Meaning utshintsho Sasungulwa

Eli-nkqubo yokuhlaliswa na oqhagamshelwano phakathi ngokupheleleyo ixabiso kuphuculo umlimi. Ngowe-1905, kuvuthwa kwaoko iingxaki 2:

1. Economic.

2. Social.

Okokuqala kuchazwe ukunqongophala kokutya kunye nokunciphisa ezinokuba zezolimo eli lizwe. ifama zomdibaniso zange ukunika inqanaba ngokwaneleyo imveliso. Imarike wayengekho yenkuthazo main lever - ukhuphiswano.

Okwesibini - kweli ukunqongophala komhlaba olimekayo. Development of kummandla Empire akazange avumele abalimi ukuba bafumane umhlaba ukuze bazisebenzise. Emva kokuba isigqibo sokuba iiploti nobunini babucala basoloko imibutho esekelwe ekuhlaleni-aba emva amanani inkulu. Apha kukho imfuneko kuphuculo umlimi, undoqo apho umgaqo-nkqubo wabavela.

Iziphumo a 'revolution' zoxolo

Isiphumo kuphuculo agrarian yaba ngokuhlanganisa ekuhlaleni kunye nokudalwa umaleko mhlaba. Oku kwanika uBukhosi Russian kangangeminyaka eli-10 ukuya ukungena kwiimarike yokuthengisa zehlabathi. Ukusuka eSiberia kuphela kwamanye amazwe inani irekhodi oyile kunye nengqolowa. ERussia kwindawo yayo ephambili angaphandle.

Kwezolimo, bekukho i-revolution mveliso. Kangangexesha elithile, iifektri ezininzi nokuhlawulwa ioli nengqolowa zakhiwa, ngokunjalo izinto ezinxulumene.

uphuhliso khuphiswano kuye kwanyanzeleka eMoscow ishishini St. Petersburg uwukhathalele umgangatho weemveliso, indlela onoxanduva lokuququzelela lokuzonwabisa lwabasebenzi.

Settlement of eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude yaye emva koko ukuze ube yingenelo ukusuka kwindawo yezopolitiko ngayo. indawo engaphuhliswanga ukuba siza kunikezelwa esandleni kumazwe angabamelwane.

inkqubo yokuhlaliswa Stolypin

kwiminyaka engama-40 ngaphambi kokuba ezintsha loHlaziyo Peter Abramovich, eSiberia wazama ukuhlala ngokuthumela amabanjwa ezaziqhutyelwe Campsite yakhe. Noko ke, ukususela ingxenye zihlelelekileyo labemi, buphelile ubomi eminqubeni, uphuhliso mmandla hlobo akuzange kwenzeke. Akukho namnye wayefuna ukuba ndikwazi kwiilali abagulayo.

Nkqu ngo-1889 ukuba lula ngokusemthethweni inkqubo yokuhlaliswa eSiberia, kodwa isiphumo olifunayo zingahlanganiselwanga.

Kulo mba, Stolypin kwagqitywa ekubeni lenze amafama nzima ngokuzithandela ukuya ukufunda nokuphuhlisa ilizwe ezingenabantu, Kakade ke, ngenxa yokuba inzuzo kubo. Ukuze anikele ukuba ezilingayo, savumelana ukuba abemi kunye yahlawulwa kulo mhlaba.

Ayizizo zonke kwalo lula, abaninzi baye wabuya. Kodwa ukuba amafama ingakumbi izama kwiilali zaseSiberia, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwabakho umbane kunokuba kuqhayisa iziza ngaphambili ongaphuhliswanga ka-European Russia. Iintsapho ezininzi abalahlekelwa ubume yabathengisi, ebonisa ubomi babo kuwonkewonke kwindawo entsha.

indlela Nzima land ezamahala

Bambalwa abantu khumbula, ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo, "Yintoni iziphumo-nkqubo yokuhlaliswa?", Malunga enye impumelelo ebalulekileyo. Ukukhula yokumpompoza labemi, ukwandisa inani labasebenzi, kwakunye nophuhliso kolu shishino iye avunyelwe ixesha elifutshane ukugqiba ulwakhiwo kaloliwe yaseSiberia.

Loo ndlela yaba 'igolide-ndlela' eSiberia. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba nje zokuthutha geni wegolide dredges kuyo. Enrichment abantu ngenxa kwiintengiso okuziinkozo, umgubo, ibhotolo kunye nenyama baba wabulela ukuba kaloliwe. Ukongeza, ubukho w / umyalezo umdla abavela omtsha.

nokwenziwa abafuduki

Kuzo zonke, malunga-16% yabantu zange bendelisele iingcambu eSiberia ibuyiselwe inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya. Kwiminyaka kubuyiselo - ukususela 1905 ukuya 1914 - malunga 3.5 yezigidi abantu abemkileyo ukuya ukuphonononga kwintsimi entsha, yaye amawaka kuphela 500 wabuya ..

Indigenous izizwe eSiberia babengawuthandi malunga kubamelwane babo elitsha, kaninzi kubonwa ukungqubana phakathi kwabemi kunye kufika. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo Eskimos, Khanty, Mansi kunye nezinye iintlanga baqonde uncedo wentsebenziswano kunye bahlali, ngokuba Andifundisa ukuba ukufunda nokubhala, ukuba basebenze kumashishini, kunandipha iingenelo impucuko, kuquka amayeza.

Ukuba ekuqaleni nokuhlaliswa baba nokubhala malunga ne-18% yabemi eSiberia, ngoko kwiminyaka embalwa kamva inani wabo wafika kwi 80%. Kule mizi, sidale amaziko emfundo yesikolo, aphakamileyo kunye nangaphezulu.

Ngakhona ezindaweni ezinabantu

Imozulu eSiberia yahluke gqitha ukusuka njengesiqhelo, asingabo bonke abanini Uyayazi imithetho wokufama kwindawo eyomileyo. Abahlala waba ixesha nzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthatha phezu amava amazwe Nordic kunye bomthonyama i North, abantu bakwazi ukubhala ixesha lokuya eMoscow St Petersburg umgangatho imveliso ngaphezu yokugqibela ayenganelisekanga kakhulu. Nicholas II ocetywayo ukuba avale ngokuthengiswa kweempahla evela eSiberia, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ummandla wayo wawuyinxalenye uBukhosi, laze izithintelo ezinjalo.

• Ngo-1915 kwi kumazwe nokuhlaliswa kwakhiwa okusila kweshumi eziliqela. rye Siberian nomgubo zibe zifunwa ophezulu kwimarike yaseYurophu.
• Imfuyo nalo olukhula ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwabangela kwimveliso ibhotolo, ubisi kunye nezinye iimveliso zobisi. ioli eSiberia wathengisa phesheya, kwakunye imbuyekezo wafumana indlela phesheya.
• Akwenzeki ukuba ukukhankanya eSiberia, musa khumbula imigodi yegolide. Ummandla nabatyalimali abanomdla emva lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. A lot of iinkampani ukuba nezokukhupha zegolide zesinyithi ezikhoyo imali amazwe, nto leyo wanika ekuqaleni ukuya kuphuhliso imigodi emitsha kunye dredges. Abantu abaninzi musa ukufumana iinzuzo ezinqwenelekayo, bangena ehlathini ukuzama luck yabo, mgodi zokusebenza.

Iziphumo zale nkqubo yokuhlaliswa Stolypin

Iinjongo kunye neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunikwe kwakho Peter Abramovich ngembali evakalayo ambiguously. Umntu ucinga ukuba umsebenzi kuphuhliso imimandla omtsha akuphumelelanga. Emva incopho yawo ukuba akunjalo, kufikelelwe - anifumananga ulonwabo abantu babuyela kwinxalenye yaseYurophu lizwe abahlwempuzekileyo, lexinene yabemi eSiberia kunye East Far wahlala phantsi. Noko ke, bambalwa athathele ingqalelo amandla kwezoshishino iinguqulelo ziye zanikezelwa kulo mmandla.

Ngoko ke, ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na iinjongo kunye neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo yokuhlaliswa Stolypin" umi ngaphandle iziphumo kuphuculo umlimi. Emva ugcwale ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuya namhlanje eSiberia yeyona ndawo amakhulu orhwebo. Le nyaniso ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukusebenza olwenziwa Petrom Arkadevichem utshintsho uxolo olululo, kuquka kunikwe yabemi inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya.