Biography emfutshane Radischeva Aleksandra ngembali yobomi, ubuchule kunye neencwadi

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev waye waduma ngumbhali abanetalente kunye yimbongi, kodwa belingana koko, waba sobulumko kwaye kwabanjwa entendelezweni isikhundla elungileyo. Eli nqaku inika emfutshane ngobomi Radishcheva (zebakala-9, olu lwazi kunokuba luncedo kakhulu).

Ebuntwaneni. Ukufudukela eMoscow

Alexander wayengunyana ka enomhlaba Nicholas Afanasevicha Radishchev. Kokuba azalelwe kwiphondo Saratov, kwidolophana Upper Oblyazove ngo-1749. Uyise ngumfo kwenkcubeko, ngoko wazama ukunika unyana wakhe kunye imfundo ebalaseleyo. Radishcheva Umama waba Thekla Savvichna. Yena waba ngomnye Moscow usapho iindwalutho nezazi. Igama lakhe lobuntombi - Argamakova.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abazali Radishcheva wamphatha kakuhle kakhulu ngamakhoboka azo, waza wafundisa unyana wakhe. Childhood Alexander Nikolayevich badlula e Oblyazove. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba indlu yakhe esisityebi elikhulu, kwakusoloko kukho abantu abaninzi. In Radishchev waba oodade ezine kunye nabazalwana abathandathu, abantwana ngendlela elinganayo wancokola inqaba, bona indulumbane kuzo elalini. Radishchev Educator kubonakala nokuhlala igama lakhe - Peter Mamontov. Radishchev ngothando wakhumbula indlela uMalume waxelela ngantsomi.

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-7 ubudala, abazali bakhe bahamba naye eMoscow. Apho ke wahlala phantsi kwesa- isalamane umama. Kwi par nabantwana umkhosi kaThixo, wafunda uprofesa waseyunivesithi kunye notitshala French. Babethandana Frenchman endala, owayebaleke kwilizwe labo.

Icwangcisa inkwenkwe yayingaqhelekanga. Waya iintetho ze iinkcuba aphambili neembambano serfdom, ukwakha, imfundo, uyilandela. Iindwendwe Argamakovyh zaye aneliseke urhulumente Elizabeth, naphantsi uPetros alwenzeki obhobhozayo Okwesithathu, phezu koko, ingqumbo ohlonelwayo. Kwimeko enjalo ros uAleksandr Nikolaevich.

Page Corps

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-13 ubudala, wakhalaza ukuba amaphepha. Oku kwenza i uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Kuba amancinci Radishcheva nokumela izalamane zakhe Argamakovy.

De 1764 Catherine kunye urhulumente eMoscow, apho ibekwa kwenzeka, yaye emva koko bakhe amaphepha, kubandakanywa Radishchev wabuyela eSt Petersburg.

Page Corps ukuba "elihloniphekileyo" iziko ngaloo minyaka. Onke amakhwenkwe uqeqesho ngutitshala omnye kuphela - Morembert, ngubani sanyanzeleka ukuba ababonise indlela yokukhonza uKumkanikazi kwi ibhola, kwindawo yokubonela, kwi oololiwe.

biography elifutshane Radishchev, le ndawo zibalulekileyo apho ndimse impumelelo, akazange achaze amava inkwenkwe ukususela emoyeni incoko ezinzulu kunye nomdla zoluntu uthuthwa ngoLwesithathu. Kakade ke, ukuba sele sathatha bonke intiyo emtshatweni, ubuxoki, Ekugudeni, kwaye ngoku bakubona zonke amehlo am, kungekhona nje naphi, kodwa bonke ubungangamsha ebhotwe.

Kwakunjalo Corps of Pages Alexander wadibana Kutuzov, ngubani na oya kuba ngumhlobo wakhe iminyaka emininzi. Nangona ekugqibeleni ezindleleni zabo diverge, lo mphathi akazange athi igama elinye embi malunga Radishchev. biography emfutshane lokugqibela - isiqinisekiso ngqo.

e Leipzig

Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, emva kokuba sifudukele eSt Petersburg Radischev kunye namakhwenkwe ezintlanu wathunyelwa eJamani kufunda eyunivesithi. UCatherine II wayefuna ukuba igqwetha abafundileyo kwaye bakhonza inxalenye egwebayo.

Ngokuthe ngcembe iqela labo elincinane lakhula. Umzekelo, e Leipzig weza Fyodor Ushakov, owayesakuba ngexesha negosa oselula. Wayishiya inkonzo ye nolwazi eyunivesithi. Fedor wayengunyana wamazibulo, yaye ngokukhawuleza waba inkokeli yeqela abafana.

Radishchev wachitha kwelinye ilizwe phantse emihlanu. Lonke eli xesha, wasebenza nzima yaye phantse ndafumana isidanga lonyango, kodwa uncwadi umdla ngokungaphezulu. biography emfutshane Radishcheva ibonisa umdla yayo abanazo kwicala predromanticheskomu waseJamani.

Eli lizwe ebona War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo, leyo yayisanda, ngoko uluntu liphuhlise kakhulu iingcinga ezisekelwe kwiimbono ngeembono, sinokuthi svobodomyslennyh, ukuba akukho yotshintsho olululo. Kwaye ke abafundi Russian zezona embindini zonke. Kunye nabo, wafunda kwiYunivesithi Goethe, Baliphulaphula iintetho zobulumko ezibalaseleyo Platner, ngubani lweli liberalism.

E eJamani, abafana ingahlali kakuhle kakhulu, kuba yintloko yabo Bocoum, owamiselwa uKumkanikazi, yaba despot lokwenyaniso uyabawa. Wabutha abafana yonke imali kuthunyelwa umxholo. Kwaye ngoko ke abafundi Ndagqiba ekubeni ndivukele. Esi sigqibo wabashiya ecaleni njengoko babanjwa kwaye zithunyelwe ematyaleni. Kodwa Russian Ambassador wangenelela.

Bocoum adubula kakhulu kamva, nje phambi kokuba bahambe Radishcheva ekhaya.

ukubuya

biography emfutshane Radishcheva ukhankanya ukuba 1771 weza eSt Petersburg kunye Kutuzov kunye Rubanovskii. Abantu Abaselula zizele nethemba nokuzimisela, simanzi iinjongo zentlalo ngcembe, bangathanda ukukhonza uluntu.

Kuyabonakala ukuba kule minyaka abayichitha eJamani, uKumkanikazi ndalibala umsebenzi ngenjongo yokuthumela amaphepha amazwe. Radishcheva sizimisele ukusebenza iNdlu yeeNgwevu, isishicileli. Oku kwabangela ukuba abantu abaselula ukuphazamiseka umntu ulwandle yaye kungekudala washiya inkonzo.

Ngowe-1773 wangena ikomkhulu Jikelele Bruce, apho wamiselwa ngumtshutshisi emkhosini. Lo msebenzi waphefumlelwa Alexander Nikolayevich, kodwa waba ofaka umoya. Ngenxa buvela kunye erudition, waba ayilunganga sangamagumbi zokuphila amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu kunye nababhali. Alexander akazange nakancinane alibale malunga ulangazelelo lwakhe zoncwadi. Nditsho ngobomi emfutshane kakhulu Radishcheva angabi nako cwaka malunga nomsebenzi wakhe. Kwaye akukho mfuneko.

indlela zoncwadi

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Alexander wajika umsebenzi nkqu e Leipzig. Yaba inguqulelo amaphetshana kwezopolitiko nakunqulo. page wakhe awukagqitywa Kodwa ke, ngenxa yokuba i "iGazethi" epapashwe omnye, sicatshulwa ngaphantsi ivuza.

E St. Petersburg, wayedibana abapapashi phephancwadi "Painter" Novikov. Kungekudala kwabonakala inqaku osihloko sithi "Le ngxelo Travel", kodwa yanyatheliswa ongaziwa. biography elifutshane Radishchev, eyona nto ibalulekileyo - usoloko phezu komhlaba, kungqinwa yinto yokuba umbhali phantse zange ukhankanya igama lakhe phezu mveliso.

Xa "Fragment" ukuba ngokucacileyo ibonisa ubomi ilizwe lali, nazo zonke iziganeko zalo engancumisiyo. Kakade ke, urhulumente phezulu akazange ayithande loo nto, kwaye abanini bekhubeka. Kodwa ke umbhali okanye umvakalisi akoyiki. Kwaye kungekudala, kulindixesha efanayo wapapasha inqaku "IsiNgesi Walk", ekhusela uhlelo lwangaphambili. Kwaye ngoko ke ukuqhubeka "ngxenye".

Enyanisweni, lo ncwadi baza baqalisa umsebenzi kabuhlungu Radishchev.

Abaninzi Alexander benza kwiinguqulelo, nto leyo ashicilelwe Novikov. Ngokutsho umyalelo uCatherine le ncwadi iguqulelwe kubo, "Ukucinga ngembali Greek" Mably. Kodwa ekugqibeleni washiya ezinye iimpawu zakhe, ngaloo ndlela kungena ubambene umbhali, ngokunjalo iinkcazelo ezininzi (kuquka igama elithi "neNgonyama").

Ngo ka1789 kwafika ukupapashwa ethi "The Life Ushakov", nto leyo eye waphakamisa ingxolo eninzi. Waphinda yapapashwa ngokuyimfihlo, kodwa akukho namnye babethandabuza zabhalwa Radishchev. Bonke waphawula ukuba le ncwadi amabinzana amaninzi yingozi kunye neengcamango. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni abayinanzanga indlela yakhe, ukuba lo umqondiso ukuba umbhali amanyathelo anokuthathwa.

Esifutshane biography Radishcheva for Grade 9 akukho luncedo, kodwa ke makuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi lo mntu ayenganelisekanga kungekuphela nje abasemagunyeni kodwa ke amalungu Russian Academy, nezidwangube ezininzi.

Radishchev akazange ukuzola. Wayefuna ezinye izenzo olukhulu. Ndajika ke mna, ukuba abonakale Society of Friends of philology, eziquka ababhali ezininzi, ngokunjalo oomatiloshe kunye namagosa. Yaye wahamba indlela yakhe; endiphulaphula kweentetho.

Society ube imagazini "Somlomo ngummi", nayo imisebenzi, yanikelwa Radishchevskaya iimbono. Kukho kwakhona inqaku yi-sobulumko ngokwakhe, ngakumbi njenge intetho bange ( "I-kwincoko na unyana looBawo). Ngendlela, kwakufuneka ukuzama kakhulu kuye wathunyelwa ukuprinta. Nokuba abalandeli bakhe baqonde indlela kunokuba yingozi.

Umbhali, kwabonakala, akazange isaziso, njengoko amafu batheza phezu kwakhe. Kodwa liyichaza ngokucacileyo biography. Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich, umsebenzi wakhe waba kuye inkonzo abangenabubele, wafika phantsi iliso abasemagunyeni. Kukudla komlilo sayiphalaza upapasho yakhe elandelayo.

"Journey ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow"

biography emfutshane Radishcheva iqulethe eyodwa Akumangalisi. umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, uvavanyo ukuhluza kudlule ngaphandle iingxaki. Kubonakala ukuba oku akwenzeki, kodwa. Eyona nto kukuba oyiNtloko of ngabagwebi zamaPolisa ukuhlonela nje wonqena kakhulu ukuyifunda. Ukubona isihloko kunye itheyibhile yokuqulathiweyo, ugqiba ukuba oku nje sisikhokelo. Le ncwadi ishicilelwe kule yoshicilelo kwikhaya lombhali, ngoko ikuquletheyo, akukho mntu waziyo.

Ngesakhiwo ilula. Umhambi ukuya ilali omnye komnye, yaye, abadlula iilali, uchaza into awayibonayo. Le ncwadi umhlalutyi bezithetha ngamandla yedwa, iintetho malunga zilwela kunye abaqeshisi zibhuqe.

Xa zizonke, iikopi ezilikhulu amathandathu zashicilelwa, kodwa wathengisa waba ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu kuphela. Long walk to umthengisi abafundi abafuna ukuthatha ezandleni uhlelo olululo.

Kakade ke, imveliso onjalo ayikwazanga ukufumana nayiphi na impendulo evela kubafundi, okanye iqembu elibusayo. UKumkanikazi umbhali xa kuthelekiswa Pugachev, waza waphumelela okukuthelekisa a xandzuka.

Bekukho ukongeza kwabasemagunyeni kunye nomnye umntu akayi siqonde umsebenzi Radishchev. Ngokomzekelo, Pushkin wathi ncwadi kubanda kakhulu, makuqatshelwe ukuba "incwadi laliphakathi nje" ebhalwe "yegama singamaqaba."

Le yokubulawa ekuthinjweni

Ngokwemiyalelo uCatherine II Radishchev wabanjwa. Yaba June 30, 1790. Ngokutsho amaxwebhu asemthethweni, isizathu sokuba uvalelo yaba umbhali kuphela "Travel". Kodwa ke, njengoko uKumkanikazi ebesazi elide malunga nohlobo nezimvo kunye nemisebenzi ngummi, kwityala ziye intermingled kunye neminye imisebenzi yakhe zoncwadi.

Ngenxa ngokunxulumene hlaza ukuba saa yi-Society of Friends. Investigation wayalela intloko Stepan Sheshkovsky abecuphi, nto leyo umxhomi lobuqu uKumkanikazi. Oku ngandlel 'bafunda uAleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. biography elifutshane (ugrade-9 ingqalelo lo mbandela kwikharityhulam yesikolo) uveza into yokuba iikopi ezishiyekileyo le ncwadi zatshatyalaliswa ngumbhali, nto leyo ngokwenene esoyika.

Radishchev wavalelwa uPetros Paul Fortress. Yena basinda ya nxaniso omkhulu nje yokuba udade umfazi wakhe iye yenziwa yonke izivatho zakhe owabulala. Xa "bavukele" ndaqonda ukuba kuyingozi umdlalo apho wayekhona, yena woyisa uloyiko. Ngaphezu kwakhe sisesichengeni sokufa phezu kwabendlu yayo - ngabangcatshi branded. Waza Radishchev waqala ukubhala iileta languquko, noko qotho kakhulu.

Ukususela umbhali wafuna wabathiya amagama zamaqabane kunye nabo. Kodwa Radishchev akazange khuluma igama elinye. Ngokutsho iziphumo wenkundla ngomhla wama-24 Julayi wagwetywa ukufa. Kodwa njengoko umbhali igosa lakomkhulu, oko yayifanele ukuphumeza kuzo zonke ii-arhente zikarhulumente. Radishchev kuyo Walinda de-19 Agasti. Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile ngokubulawa laye lamiselwa, kunye Septemba 4 n indawo ekuthinjweni ejinga eSiberia.

Ulwazi malunga neminyaka elishumi ayichithe entolongweni Ilmen, akwazi nizalise ngobomi yakhe emfutshane. Alexander Radishchev, ababhali, abahlobo abaye nibuyile ekumlandeleni ekuthinjweni, wahlala khona iminyaka emithandathu kuphela. Ngowe-1796, uMlawuli UPawulos, owayesaziwa ngokuba ephikisana kunye nonina, wakhulula umbhali. Kwaye ngo 1801 yena amnestied.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Alexander Ndabiza umbhali eSt Petersburg waza wammisela ukuma Commission on nokubhalwa kwemithetho.

Emveni ke kokufuduselwa Radishchev yabhalwa imibongo embalwa, kodwa akazange afumane ukuzonwabisa literatorstva. Kwakunzima ukuba kuhlutha inkululeko yokucinga. Ngaphezu koko, ubomi eSiberia phantsi kakhulu impilo yakhe, yena engasekho abatsha tsakanga. Mhlawumbi zonke ezi ngongoma ngokokuze umbhali ukuba abalekele ebomini.

biography emfutshane Radishcheva iqulethe ingcaciso ukuba kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini wokufa kwakhe. Eyokuqala edibene msebenzi. Kwathiwa ke kuphakanyiswa ukuba aveze imithetho alinganayo amalungelo abemi, kunye usihlalo babakhalimela kuye, basabisa eSiberia. Alexander wathabatha oku intliziyo anetyhefu.

Inguqulelo yesibini kukuba ngephutha basela iglasi aqua regia wafa phambi yonyana wakhe. Kodwa amaxwebhu komngcwabo, ukufa yendalo idweliswe njenge unobangela wokufa.

Nanamhla oku ingcwaba zombhali iye yachitheka.

Bayahlelwa nokubhala

De umbhali kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini iincwadi alufumanekanga. Yena yayibizwa kuphela njengomhlali ( "umzalwana") ummandla Penza - Radishchev. Umbhali, Biography (elifutshane ntetho, kodwa loo mali ubunzima) leyo sehlo, ayizange nok bexesha lakhe. Zonke iincwadi zakhe ziye zitshiswe. Kuphela 1888, inkupho encinane wakhululwa eRashiya "Travel". Kwaye kakade ngo-1907 - ingqokelela imisebenzi nesazi yimbongi.

usapho

Umbhali sele etshatile kabini. Ekunye nomfazi wakhe wokuqala Anna Rubanovskii waba nabantwana abane. Kodwa wafa ke njengomfazi ozalayo, unyana yokugqibela uPawulos. Khangela emva kokuba abantwana bashiya ngaphandle oomama ekuvunyelwene uDade Anne Catherine.

Yaba yena lowo umfazi wesibini Radishchev, bamlandela ekuthinjweni. abantwana abathathu ngaphezulu wazalelwa emtshatweni wabo. Endleleni ebuyela eSt Petersburg Catherine wagula waza wafa. Oku buhlungu ukungabi nabantwana bonke kunye Radishchev.

biography emfutshane kunye nemisebenzi umbhali oluphawulekayo ngokwenene. Nangona zonke iziganeko zobomi bakhe, akazange abashiye iimbono zabo baza bamlandela kude umoya lokugqibela. Oku wabonakalisa amandla omoya wobuntu!