Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau. kwiinkampu zoxinaniso

Ngelishwa, inkumbulo zembali - into babephila elifutshane. kweminyaka Ngaphantsi kwe asixhenxe emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, yaye abaninzi ingcamango engacacanga oko Oswiecim, okanye eAuschwitz, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba ehlabathini. Noko ke, ecace isizukulwana wayemana umvambo udushe, indlala, kulitshabalalisa mass nzulu njani kokuwa yokuziphatha. Ngokusekelwe amaxwebhu alondolozwe kwaye ubungqina namangqina wazi ngokuzibonela iinkampu yoxinaniso angels, ababhali-mbali mihla ngoku kwenzekani, oko kukuthi, Kakade, ngeke kube alupheli. Bala inani lamaxhoba lwamaNazi umatshini wesihogo akunakwenzeka ukuba atshabalalise amaxwebhu wayebhekisela SS, kwaye nje ukunqongophala ingxelo ngokucokisekileyo kwabafileyo elimele.

Yintoni Auschwitz?

Zakhiwo kwezakhiwo ezenzelwe ulondolozo amabanjwa emfazwe, yakhiwa phantsi kwephiko umgaqo SS kaHitler ngo-1939. Auschwitz iqhele elingekude Krakow. 90% ekuwo babengamaYuda uhlanga. Ezinye - amabanjwa yiSoviet emfazwe, nezibonda zaso, Gypsies kunye nezinye iintlanga, apho inani elipheleleyo labo babulawa kwaye wahlukunyezwa baba malunga nama-200 amawaka.

Igama elipheleleyo kwinkampu yoxinaniso - yaseAuschwitz Birkenau. Auschwitz - igama Polish, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ukusebenzisa ubukhulu becala lalisakuba yiSoviet Union.

Imbali kwinkampu yoxinaniso. amabanjwa emfazwe

Nangona Auschwitz ke babedume ukuba intshabalalo ubunzima umphakathi yamaYuda, yena ekuqaleni wacinga ukuba ezinye ezimbalwa.

Kutheni IAuschwitz wakhethwa? Oku kungenxa kwindawo yayo lula. Okokuqala, kwaba phezu komda, leyo baphela Wesithathu kunye ePoland waqala. Auschwitz njengenye yeekhomponenti zorhwebo olungundoqo iindlela zokuhamba-kusekwa kakuhle ekhululekile yaye. Kwelinye icala, ehlathini ekunene ukuya ihamba wanceda yokufihla macala apho emehlweni prying.

Izakhiwo zokuqala amaNazi wakha phezu isiza enqabeni yomkhosi Polish. Kuba kwakhiwa abayisebenzisileyo nzima-embetha kuwo amaYuda endawo podnevole. Ekuqaleni wathumela izaphuli-mthetho German yaye amabanjwa Polish ezopolitiko. Eyona njongo iphambili ye kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaba incommunicado lokuvalelwa eyingozi-ntle yabantu German kunye nomsebenzi wabo. Amabanjwa esebenza iintsuku ezintandathu ngeveki, nangeCawa yaba veki.

Ngowe-1940, abantu bendawo abahlala kufuphi enqabeni yomkhosi, eyoxuthwa sinyanzeliswe umkhosi waseJamani ukwakha phezu intsimi zokuthwala nezinye izakhiwo, nto leyo kamva baba izidumbu kunye nekhamera. Ngowe-1942 nkampu enqatyisiweyo kunye ngakumbi uthango eziphathekayo eqinileyo, kwaye ngocingo phantsi ombane yangoku aphezulu.

Noko ke, imilinganiselo efana aziziphelisanga amanye amabanjwa kusinda nangona amaxesha ziye kunqabile kakhulu. Abo baye nazo iingcinga efanayo, wayesazi ukuba naziphi na iinzame onke amabanjwa zabo ziya kutshatyalaliswa.

Kwangokunjalo 1942 kule nkomfa NSDAP kwaphethwa kwimfuno wentshabalalo abaninzi bamaYuda kunye "isisombululo sokugqibela umbuzo yamaYuda." Ekuqaleni, wabhekisela German kunye Polish amaYuda Auschwitz nezinye iinkampu zoxinaniso zaseJamani angels. Germany wavuma ke kunye namahlakani ukuqhuba 'ukuhlanjululwa "kwintsimi zabo.

Kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba akukho lula yonke uyavumelana noko. Umzekelo, Denmark owaba nako ukuhlangula abantu bakhe ekufeni. Xa urhulumente baziswe malunga "ukuzingela" ezicwangcisiweyo SS, Denmark waququzelela amaYuda imfihlelo ukuhambisa ukuya karhulumente cala - Switzerland. Ngoko ke, ndayihlangula ngaphezulu kwe 7000 ubomi.

Noko ke, ngo-manani wabulawa, ungcikivwe yindlala, ukubethwa, ukusebenza ixesha, izifo kunye amalinge ngokungenabuntu abantu 7,000 - ukuhla lulwandle igazi. Xa iyonke ngaphambi inkampu yakhe wayebulewe uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka abantu abali-1 ukuya ku-4 million.

Phakathi ku-1944, xa amaJamani kangaka idale imfazwe wenza elibukhali U-turn, i-SS wazama ukuthutha amabanjwa eAuschwitz ukuya ngasentshona, kwezinye iinkampu. Kakhulu wabatshabalalisa amaxwebhu kunye naluphi na ubungqina lokuhlaba ezingcangcazelisayo. AmaJamani watshabalalisa amagumbi irhasi kunye izidumbu. Ebutsheni bowe-1945, amaNazi kwafuneka ukukhulula inkoliso yamabanjwa. Abo ayikwazanga ukubaleka, ayefuna ukuyibulala. Ngethamsanqa, enkosi kwangaphambili nomkhosi unako ukusindisa amawaka aliqela ababanjwa, kuquka abantwana, apho kwenziwa imifuniselo.

isakhiwo eminqubeni

A abangama-3 kwinkampu kwisakhiwo esikhulu ekwabelwana iAuschwitz Birkenau-eAuschwitz, eMonowitz, neAuschwitz-1. Le nkampu lokuqala kunye Birkenau zaye zalunga ezidibeneyo kwaye inezakhiwo-20, maxa wambi kwi imigangatho eziliqela.

Le yunithi yeshumi ayikho indawo wokugqibela iimeko ezimbi yamabanjwa. kuthwalelwa phandle amalinge onyango, ingakumbi abantwana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le "amalinge" abazange umdla yenzululwazi kakhulu, njengoko enye indlela ukuxhaphaza ngokungangqalanga. Ingakumbi phakathi kwezakhiwo bema unit elinanye, oko kwabangela eye yakhamnqisa nkqu ukusuka abalindi basekuhlaleni. Kwakukho indawo nxaniso nokubulawa, wathumela apha kakhulu nankathalo, izibetho ngokungenalusini ezingcangcazelisayo. Kulapha ke kuqala ukuzama ubunzima kwaye yandisa kwanokupheliswa "olusebenzayo 'esebenzisa" Zyklon B "ityhefu.

Phakathi kwezi iibhloko ezimbini kwakhiwa udonga ekubulaweni, apho, ngokutsho izazinzulu, abantu abamalunga nama-20 amawaka babulawa.

Kwakhona ibekwe kwindawo umthi ezimbalwa kunye amaziko ukuze itshiseke kwamanye amalwimi ezifakiweyo. Kamva ke umayamo igesi, ekwaziyo bonakalisa ukuba abantu 6000 ngemini.

amabanjwa ukufika zanikwa ngoogqirha waseJamani abo banako ukusebenza, kwaye abo bathunywe ngokukhawuleza ekuswelekeni zabo egumbini igesi. Kaninzi kuthiwa abafazi abakhubazekileyo buthathaka, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala.

Lawo asindileyo agcinwe kwiimeko emxinwa ngokutya kancinci okanye. Abanye babo amrholela isidumbu okanye neenwele ezichetywe, abo bahamba-mveliso textile. Ukuba ngomhla inkonzo efanayo akwazi ukuphila iiveki, silahle uze uthabathe enye. Abanye zeyele "ezithandwayo" umba, waza wasebenza amaNazi njengoko abathungi imivambo.

AmaYuda wabuyiselwa babevunyelwa ukuba ukuthatha ekhaya kungekho ngaphezulu kwama-25 kg ubunzima. Abantu bathatha kakhulu ixabisekile yaye ibalulekile. Zonke izinto kunye nemali eseleyo emva kokufa kwabo, bathunyelwa eJamani. Phambi ukuba izinto kwafuneka ukuba lidilizwe, bazibuthela yonke kunezabanye amabanjwa inxaxheba babizwa ngokuba "eKhanada." Eli gama liye laba indawo oko ukuba 'Canadian "ngokuba izipho kwaye okukhona ezixabisekileyo, owathunywa evela kwamanye amazwe nezibonda. Umsebenzi kwi "Canada" yaba Athambile ngaphezu lonke yaseAuschwitz. Kukho abafazi zokusebenza. Phakathi kwezinto uyakwazi ukufumana ukutya, ukuze i "Canada" mabanjwa abaphethwe yindlala. I-SS zange alibazise pester amantombazana amahle. Amaxesha amaninzi apha ityala lokudlwengula.

Yemifuniselo yokuqala with "Zyklon B"

Emva kokuba inkomfa ngo-1942 kwiinkampu zoxinaniso baqalisa ukujika kumatshini, injongo yayo intshabalalo enkulu. Ngoko ke amaNazi kuqala yavavanywa amandla yempembelelo "Zyklon B" esidlangalaleni.

"Zyklon B" - zinambuzane, ityhefu ngokusekelwe hydrocyanic acid. Xa isigqebelo ekrakra, isixhobo yaqanjwa nzulu esidumileyo uFritz Haber, umYuda wafa eSwitzerland emva kokufika uHitler ukuba amandla ngonyaka. izihlobo Haber wabhubha kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.

Yityhefu yayisaziwa ngokuba neziphumo zalo. Kwaba lula ukuba evenkileni. Isetyenziswa ukubulala iintwala, "Zyklon B" yayifumaneka kwaye sitshiphu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba gas "Zyklon B" isasetyenziswa nangoku eUnited States ukwenza nokubulawa.

Le ulwazi lokuqala lwaqhutywa ngo- eAuschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz). Kwibhloko elinanye bahlohlwa amabanjwa Soviet emfazwe kwaye imingxuma ityhefu kuhluthiswa. Phakathi imizuzu eli-15, yaba ukukhala ekhalela. Ithamo ibingonelanga kutshabalalisa bonke. Ngoko amaNazi sibukela zinambuzane ngaphezulu. Ngeli xesha esebenza ngayo.

Indlela kwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu. kwiinkampu zamaNazi angels saqala ukusebenzisa ngokubonakalayo i "Zyklon B", ekubiyeni amagumbi igesi okhethekileyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba ukudala yokothuka, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokoyika ukuziphindezela, i-SS wathi amabanjwa kufuneka uthathe ishawa. Noko ke, uninzi amabanjwa ukuba akusekho yimfihlo le "umphefumlo" zange baphume.

Eyona ngxaki inkulu kuba SS wayengekho ukubulala abantu, yaye ukubatshabalalisa imizimba. Ekuqaleni, baye sangcwatywa. Le ndlela ayisebenzi ngendlela efanelekileyo. Xa utshisa nokuba libi waba nodandatheko. Hands amabanjwa amaJamani wakha izidumbu, kodwa ukubhomboloza nokusingelwa ivumba ezoyikekayo zoyikekayo ziqheleke EAuschwitz: ke imikhondo zolwaphulo kule ubukhulu kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba ukuzimela.

Terms of the SS kwinkampu ubomi

Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland) idolophu ngokwenene. Yaba bonke ubomi umkhosi: Dinner kunye intabalala yokutya elungileyo, cinema, yeqonga zonke ezilungileyo zoluntu amaNazi. Nangona amabanjwa zange afumane isixa ubuncinane ukutya (abaninzi bafa kwiveki yokuqala okanye yesibini indlala), i-SS imihla yesidlo, lokuba ubomi.

Le kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, ingakumbi eAuschwitz, ebesoloko yindawo elinqwenelekayo inkonzo ijoni waseJamani. Ubomi apha kwaba ngcono kakhulu kwaye ikhuseleke ngaphezu kwabo balwa eMpuma.

Noko ke, kwakungekho ndawo esonakalisa lonke yobuntu kwe eAuschwitz. inkampu yoxinaniso - yindawo nje kuphela isiqulatho elungileyo, apho emkhosini ngokubulala abantu abamsulwa akukho lisengozini, kodwa ukunqongophala ngokupheleleyo uqeqesho. Kukho amajoni sivuke konke sifuna yaye ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bawe. Auschwitz anqumla nokuphuma enkulu imali ngenxa impahla ebiweyo baye bathunyelwa abantu. Accounting lwenziwe ngokungakhathali. Ewe yaye hayi indlela kunokwenzeka ukubala ngqo kangakanani kufuneka niwuzalise wokulondoloza imali, nokuba inani lamabanjwa engenayo hayi zithathelwa ingqalelo?

I-SS akazange madolw 'anzima ngokwakho izinto ezixabisekileyo kunye nemali. Zinelungelo eninzi yokusela, utywala ufumaneka phakathi izinto lababuleweyo. Ngokubanzi, abasebenzi EAuschwitz akazange agcine ngokwakhe nganto, ukuphila ubomi kunokuba ongasithemba.

Doctor Josef Mengele

Emva Josef Mengele uhlatywe ngowe-1943, yena ingqalelo bengafanelekanga ukuba aqhubeke nenkonzo yakhe ithunyelwe kugqirha kwi yaseAuschwitz ekufeni eminqubeni. Apha ke ithuba ukubona zonke iingcamango zakho kunye amalinge ezibe ngokuphandle ngamageza, ikhohlakele kunye ezingenamsebenzi.

Abasemagunyeni iyalele Mengele eqhuba imifuniselo eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo, xa sesichengeni ebandayo okanye yehla abantu. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphanda neziphumo thermal uYosefu wachitha, obkladyvaya ibanjwa macala onke by ice, wada wafa ngenxa emzimbeni. Ngoko ke kanti, kunye lobushushu emzimbeni kwenzeka iziphumo vuhlayiseki kunye nokufa.

Mengele wayekuthanda ukwenza imifuniselo abantwana, ingakumbi amawele. Iziphumo ze-eksperimenti bakhe ukufa phantse 3 amawaka abantwana. Akazange ngenkani sex kusetyenzwe utyando, nokufakelwa amalungu omzimba, kuqhutywa iinkqubo buhlungu, ukuzama ukutshintsha umbala yamehlo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela yokungaboni. Oku, ngokwembono yakhe, ngaba ke ubungqina nakwenzeka "mongrel 'ukuba abe Aryan oyinyaniso.

Ngowe-1945, uYosefu ukuba babaleke. Awabatshabalalisayo zonke iirekhodi eksperimenti zakhe ngokuthi kukhutshwe amaxwebhu enkohliso, ubalekele eArgentina. Waphila ubomi nangokuzola ngaphandle kobunzima kunye nengcinezelo kwaye lungabanjiswa zinokohlwaywa.

Xa uwa Auschwitz. Ngubani yakhulula namabanjwa?

Ebutsheni bowe-1945, imeko eJamani utshintshile. amabutho Soviet kwaqala uhlaselo esebenzayo. SS kwafuneka aqale ukufudusa, leyo kamva yaziwa ngokuba "lokufa." 60 lamawaka amabanjwa baxelelwa ukuba aye aseNtshona ngeenyawo. Amawaka amabanjwa babulawa endleleni. Ngenxa indlala kunye namabanjwa zokusebenza obungathethekiyo kwafuneka ukuba ahambe iikhilomitha ezingaphezu kwe-50. Bonke abo aqaphela, azaba nakuya ngakumbi, emva koko zaye wadubula. E Gliwice, apho wafika amabanjwa, baye bathunyelwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso iimoto imithwalo kwi kummandla eJamani.

Ukukhululwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, waba ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, xa yaseAuschwitz kukho malunga 7,000 kuphela amabanjwa bayagula baze basweleke babengakwazi.

Life emva kokukhululwa

Oyise yobuFasi nokukhululwa leenkampu ukulusiphula yaseAuschwitz, ngelishwa, kwakungathethi isohlwayo ngokupheleleyo bonke abo banoxanduva ngenxa yenkohlakalo. Yenzekile Auschwitz ayikho kuphela kakhulu egazi, kodwa omnye zolwaphulo msulwa kwi kwimbali yoluntu. 10% kuphela yabo bonke abo, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, wabandakanyeka ubunzima nokutshatyalaliswa abahlali, laxoxwa baza kohlwaywa.

Abaninzi kwabo basaphila, yaye azive enetyala. Abanye bathi kumatshini buvuvu, nto ijongela phantsi isidima sabantu umfanekiso komYuda, zayenza unobangela onke amashwa ka amaJamani. Abanye bathi oda odolo, yaye imfazwe akukho ndawo siyacamngca.

Ke abasindileyo kwiinkampu ukufa amabanjwa, ngoko, ezifana, yaye sibanqwenelela ingasafuneki. Noko ke, aba bantu, njengoko umgaqo, kudingeka bazibonele ngokwabo. Izindlu zokuhlala, apho bafika bahlala ixesha elide sele yabelwe kwabanye. Ngaphandle impahla, amalungu imali, kunye nentsapho batshabalala lwamaNazi ekufeni umatshini, kwakufuneka ukuze sisinde kwakhona, nkqu kwixesha post-imfazwe. Umntu ukumangaliswa kuphela xa ngamandla ukuthanda nenkalipho yabantu wadlula kwiinkampu zoxinaniso yaye bakwazi ukusinda.

Auschwitz Museum

Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe eAuschwitz, kwinkampu ekufeni, bangena uluhlu lwe-UNESCO World Heritage Site kwaye embindini yimyuziyam. Nangona flow omkhulu abakhenkethi, kukho basoloko cwaka. Le nto yimyuziyam apho unokukwazi ukukholisa kunye wothuka. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile kakhulu kwaye zexabiso, njengoko ukukhala nokusingelwa phantsi le wokugqibela amaxhoba omsulwa ukuwa yokuziphatha, ezantsi apho makhulu nzulu.

Le myuziyam luvuleleke kubo bonke, nomnyango free. Kuba abakhenkethi, kukho akhokelwa ezithathwa ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo. In Auschwitz-1, bayamenywa iindwendwe ukuba bajonge enqabeni yamajoni kunye nokugcinwa izinto zobuqu amabanjwa abafileyo aba- yalwa kunye eligcwele waseJamani: izibuko igumbi, neekomityi, izihlangu kunye neenwele. Kwakhona ukwazi ukundwendwela izidumbu kunye nodonga ukudutyulwa, okubangela iintyatyambo unanamhla.

Ezindongeni uyakwazi ukubona iibhloko imibhalo ekhohlo ngamabanjwa. Xa amagumbi esisi zisekho ezindongeni ezidibene ziingozi iinzipho, wafa kabuhlungu yoyikekayo.

Kuphela apha uye uve usizi ngokupheleleyo kwakusenzeka ntoni, ubone ngamehlo akho iimeko zokuphila kunye nobungakanani yentshabalalo.

IHolocaust ngemisebenzi yobugcisa

Enye imisebenzi ukuyilahla ulawulo lwamaNazi - "Sanctuary" Anne Frank. Le ncwadi ikuxelela oonobumba kunye namanqaku kumbono imfazwe le ntombazana zamaYuda, kunye nentsapho yakhe, wakwazi ukufumana yokusabela eNetherlands. Idayari lwaqhutywa ukususela 1942 ukuya 1944. Amangenelo ziyaphazamiseka yi Agasti 1. Kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokuba le ntsapho yonke abanjwa ngamapolisa waseJamani.

Enye incwadi eyaziwa kakuhle i "Ark Schindler kaThixo". Eli libali malunga umnini factory Apocrypha Schindler, owathi, yokutshayiswa zamasikizi ngokuthatha indawo eJamani, ndagqiba ukuba benze konke okusemandleni ukuze asindise abantu abamsulwa waza wathumela amawakawaka amaYuda e-Moravia.

Kule ncwadi, wadubula ifilimu "uLuhlu Schindler kaThixo, 'nto leyo iye yafumana iimbasa ezininzi kwimisitho ezahlukeneyo, kuquka 7 Oscars, kunye nabahlali ngokunzulu yodumo.

Ipolitiki abaci yobuFasi kwakhokelela kwesinye ntlekele inkulu yoluntu. Le ihlabathi alisazi iimeko ngaphezulu enobunzima enjalo, ukubulawa msulwa abantu abamsulwa. Imbali iimpazamo ezakhokelela ukubandezeleka okukhulu okuye kwakuchaphazela lonke elaseYurophu, kufuneka sihlale kwimemori yoluntu njengomfuziselo eyoyikekayo yintoni ze uvumele ngaphezulu.