1. imithetho First Peter U Peter wayengaphantsi abamisi bemimiselo 1. Peter 1 funny

Kuba nabani na onomdla kwimbali yelizwe Russian, kungekudala kwafuneka lijongane ezinoburharha ukuba baye baba ngawo namhlanje eminye imimiselo kaPetros 1. Ukususela eli nqaku uya kufunda malunga nezigqibo ezininzi engalindelekanga yokumkani wenguquko Uloguqula ubomi boluntu kweli lizwe ekupheleni XVII - ekuqaleni kweenkulungwane XVIII oko kuthiwa ngamahla ndinyuka.

Namhlanje Imiyalelo Peter 1 bafunda kwizikolo kunye neeyunivesithi. Kwezinye kubo wenza intlekisa, umntu ibonwa nje eqhelekileyo. Kodwa oku kusebenza kwixesha langoku. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, la maxwebhu zaba ukuba uninzi "uyanyelisa kunye ezenzweni."

Ezinye izigqibo bokumkani, umzekelo, lo ummiselo primogeniture Peter 1 yakhokelela oliqhophololo. Okunye ezichaphazelekayo fashion, uqoqosho kunye nomkhosi. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba kukho mnye kuphela; ukumkani iindlela engqongqo ukuzama ukulungisa uluntu amileyo ngexesha lakhe.

ukuze kahle

Enye eziphawuleka kakhulu kwimbali urhulumente uye umthetho phezu primogeniture uPetros 1. yapapashwa ngowe-1722. Olu xwebhu itshintshile zonke iziseko ngamandla. Ke mna na yindlalifa ukuya omdala entsatsheni, yaye lowo uya kumisela ezihlangwini zakhe geqe.

Ummiselo zoludwe Peter 1 irhoxisiwe kuphela koMlawuli noPawulos ngo-1797. Ngaphambi koko, wayekhonza njengesiseko abaninzi of babhukuqwa komkhulu, ukubulala kunye ngamayelenqe. Nangona ekuqaleni ukhawule nguPetros njengenyathelo lokuthintela nxamnye mood olucacileyo abantu ngamalungelo iinguqulelo.

unyaka omtsha

Sicebisa ukuba siqwalasele imiyalelo uthandwayo kaPetros 1. Mhlawumbi eyona kakuhle ezaziwayo ezisemgangathweni nemithetho ezimbini: kubhiyozelwa unyaka omtsha kunye ngeendevu. Ngomhla wesibini uya kuxoxwe kamva. Njengoko kummiselo yokuqala, ngoko, ngokwentando yokumkani, ukususela 1700, xa maxesha weRashiya badlula ngendlela yaseYurophu.

Loo nto ngoku kunyaka akazange aqale kweyoMsintsi, kwaye wokuqala kaJanuwari. Ubalo lwenziwa ukusuka ekuzalweni kukaKristu, yaye hayi ukususela ekudalweni kwehlabathi njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuba ngenyanga yesine ka-7208, yaba yokuqala ngo-1700.

intshebe

Mhlawumbi ezintsha edume Russian Tsar emva kokubuya kwakhe eYurophu weza shofar phezu iindevu. Okulandelayo iya kunikwa imiyalelo ezininzi Peter 1, funny kunye kakhulu. Kodwa akukho namnye kubo kuye kwabangela ingqumbo abanjalo phakathi izinduna, njengalo elinye.

Ngoko ke, ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu umnqweno abaneminyaka eqokelelwe abameli iintsapho amanene, wathabatha isibini isikere ndinqumle ezinye icala leendevu zabo. Izenzo ezinjalo kwafaka uluntu athuke kakhulu.

Ke ukumkani mfana zange ayeke khona. Yena wafuna irhafu kwi iindevu. Nabani na efuna ukugcina iinwele yobuso, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule isixa esithile ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo.

Ngoko ke, ukuba azi ukuba kutheni ngamakhulu amathandathu engange ngonyaka, kuba abarhwebi - ikhulu, abantu bomzi amathandathu ngayo, kunye nabakhonzi kunye nabanye - mathathu. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi sum esinzulu gqitha ngaloo mihla. Ukususela kule irhafu yonyaka ukukhulula amafama kuphela, kodwa ekungeneni esixekweni, yaye kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule iipeni ukusuka ngeendevu zakhe.

imibuzo fashion

imithetho abaninzi Peter 1 ubomi yoluntu. Ngoncedo lwabo, ukumkani wazama ukunika izikhulu Russian imbonakalo yaseYurophu.

Okokuqala, ngokuchitha kakhulu ukwakhiwa St. Petersburg, * uKhesare waya ixesha inkonzo ibhulorho ngamaplanga. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukhuphe umlomo ebuntsimbi izithende izithende. Kuba noku kunyanisa wahlawuliswa, kunye nokuthengiswa - kokuthathwa kwempahla kunye servitude.

Ingongoma elandelayo ezichaphazelekayo umkhosi. Ekubeni Pet Veliky kakhulu inxaxheba ekuhlaziyeni ngcono, ingqalelo ehlawulwa zonke iinkcukacha ngokoqobo. Umzekelo, umthetho wakhutshwa "amaqhosha kukanxantathu phambi efanayo Ijoni." Eli nyathelo ukuba sandise ubomi lweempahla breech, njengoko ukutshayela umlomo wakhe waba kwisingxobo engenakwenzeka.

Bakwaziswa emizini fashion yaseYurophu. I noMlawuli wayalela bonke ukubuyisela ingubo ende iisuti zemveli ezimfutshane "indlela Hungarian".

Ke ekugqibeleni, amanenekazi amanene kohlwaywa esweni amathayara ngelinen ukuze 'ukuba ndimphoxe iinkosi amazwe scents ezingcolileyo, amakha ukuba nempumelelo. "

Ekwakhiweni kunye nomgangatho

Enye idumileyo ingqibo Peter 1 kumgangatho. Asinto popular abaninzi imithetho etyeni, eyamkelwe kukumkani, kodwa ngoncedo yomkhosi Russian yakwazi ukoyisa kwi Poltava.

Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa ukuba umpu kunye isityalo Tula azikho quality elungileyo kakhulu, umlawuli wayalela umnini kunye noxanduva ekubanjweni imveliso eyenziweyo. Emva koko, ukuba simiselwe sisohlwayo ngohlobo lokubulala isabhokhwe kunye sokuhamba ekuthinjweni. Pet Veliky wagqiba ekubeni ngokusondeleyo esweni umgangatho impahla eyenziweyo kwi-mveliso. Ukulawula oko wathumela lonke Tula Arms umyalelo. Kuba nawuphi na umtshato ebekumele iintonga isohlwayo. Ukongeza, umnini omtsha, Demidov, ukumkani wayalela ukuba ukwakha indlu bonke abasebenzi, njengoko umnikazi.

Akukho umdla kangako ingqibo Peter 1 ekwakhiweni. Xa ukumkani uceba ukuqala ukwakhiwa St. Petersburg, wabalela ukuba ukwakha jikelele indlu namatye lizwe. Ngoko ke, zonke iingcaphephe bahlanganisana ukusebenza kwi Neva.
Ngoko ke, lo umlawuli ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka wakwazi ukwakha isixeko.

izinto zomkhosi

Enye ezinoburharha idumileyo namhlanje ummiselo Peter 1 kwi khoboka. Enyanisweni, ubukho yayo ayenziwanga eqinisekisiwe, kodwa oko kwenziwe imihla yethu, bathi, Emlonyeni wonke. On kuya kuboniswana kamva kweli nqaku.

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Ngoku ke asithethi ngalo odumileyo 'ummiselo' etyeni kuPetros, "yaye kwizinto ezibaluleke ngokwenene. Ngoko ke, ukumkani emfazweni kunye Sweden sisilele amagosa abafanelekayo. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ukunika abasemzini bethembisa izikhundla emkhosini Russian. Ngoko ke, onke amajoni yaseYurophu kwizikhundla eziphezulu, kunye namava yabaphathi sacelwa ukuba ilizwe lethu kwindawo umvuzo, kabini ngengeniso zamagosa zasekhaya.

Iliza yokuqala "abasebenzi" was bexesha lakhe kaPetros, "igquba ngayo rogues." Ngenxa yoko, amagosa angaphandle ngenyanga yokuqala yenkonzo azinikela balwa. Kodwa ukusilela akazange ukutyhafisa ukuba umlawuli, yaye ekugqibeleni, waya kufika kule njongo. Umkhosi Russian waqeqeshwa kwaye rearmed.

Hi ndlela leyi, ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculeni, ngoko kukho ubungqina ukunyibilikisa kweentsimbi ibandla umpu emva "iintloni kwi Narva". Kuyaphawuleka ukuba apha umlawuli yabonisa ukuba nesisa. Ngoko ke, impahla ibandla, akayi kurhoxiswa yona incwadi, waza wathabatha rent. Emva koloyiso Poltava ukumkani Swedish evela imipu kwikhompyutha wayalelwa ukuba ayikhuphe iintsimbi, ndibabuyisele kulo ndawo.

imithetho yezoqoqosho

Pet Veliky yaziswa 1 ezintsha kwezoqoqosho. Sijonga ezintathu ummiselo, apho ubukhulu ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa iziseko Russian emveli.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho isigqibo yokuqala, urhulumente wamisa "inkcaso izithembiso ukunyotywa." Ngokuba izono ezifanayo hlolisiso isohlwayo eyinkunzi. Ukuthintela ezibangela ezityhala amagosa ukuba enze isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, umlawuli waphakamisa imivuzo nabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Kodwa oko esalelweyo "nayiphi ukunyoba, urhwebo, isivumelwano kunye nezithembiso."

Ngelo xesha, yezonyango abantu, yayisathe qelele ngisho izisekelo wobuciko eqhelekileyo eRashiya. Ngoko ke, omnye umthetho othintela "ekusebenziseni wemithi yezonyango bonke abantu ezingekho ngasekunene."

Into yokugqibela kukuba a joke kunokuba inyaniso. Ngoko ke, ukuba wasinda ikhowuti zilandelayo kukumkani: "Ukuqokelelwa irhafu - amasela ibalulekile. Abayi ukuhlawula imivuzo, usixhome kanye ngonyaka, omnye komnye akazange povadno ".

amanyathelo okuphucula

UMlawuli Pet Veliky 1, emva kokubuya kuhambo ukuya eNtshona Yurophu, kokucingisisa kuthiwa ukubuyisela ucwangco yoBukhosi Russian. Ukongezelela kwezinye imiba emininzi navuswa kunye nemiba ucoceko, ukhuseleko emlilweni kunye nokuphuculwa.

Okokuqala, umthetho ligqithise "On ukuhlambuluka eMoscow." Ke wasuka wawohlwaya bonke abahlali ukuba ulandele inkunkuma ezitratweni nakwiinkundla. "Ukuba nabani na kuyo, ukuba kuzo edolophini baza bamngcwabela emhlabeni." Ukuba uphawula inkunkuma esingalungiswanga ukusuka kweyadi yakho, zingawisa izohlwayo okanye akatswe ngeentonga.

Ummiselo yesibini zinxulumene kuphela ukuba imikhumbi kunye weenqanawa. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo ukulungisa iinqanawa kunye nobomi phezu kwabo, yonke inkunkuma iya kususwa. Ukuba ubuncinane enye Umhlakulo doti uwele emanzini, ibonelele isohlwayo. Kuba ngecala lokuqala, kwakunjalo mali kumvuzo wenyanga enye, nangenxa owesibini - isiqingatha sonyaka-. Ngexesha nefolokhwe inkunkuma wesithathu emlanjeni, amagosa demoted udidi kunye fayile, Noomateloshe eziqhelekileyo kulahlwa eSiberia.

Kwakhona lamkele ummiselo ukhuseleko emlilweni. It wayalela abanikazi ukuguqula zonke ende yamaziko, emisa kuzo ilitye lesiseko. Kwakhona kufuneka phakathi udonga kunye isitovu ukwenza izitena kunye nemibhobho ukubamba abo apho "man prolazit". kwafuneka ukuba kanye ngenyanga yoyilo Clean efanayo. Kuba non-usawugcinile umthetho zahlawulisa.

alcohol

Efanayo ixesha kunye namacandelo ohlukileyo oluntu, itekisi ummiselo Peter 1 kudla inkxalabo malunga nonyango iziselo ezinxilisayo. Ingakumbi ezo nomphako umkhosi kunye weenqanawa.

INdibano Kucetyiswa ukuba usele kangangokuba "Teleses zakhe yeseli 'ukuba neentloni iindwendwe engekafundwanga abo Andinaxesha" lokuzuza imeko elele kufutshane, kunye nezinye iinkosi. "

Ukuba sithethe Navy, kwakukho imithetho eziliqela.

Okokuqala, ukuba kwelinye ilizwe, oko Akuvunyelwe wonke - ukusuka matiloshe ukuya wempi "vusmert uku, ukuze ungayihlazisi ndili kwizithuthi kunye norhulumente."

Okwesibini, kufuneka ukuba baye bavunyelwa zibe pubs omkhulu, njengoko "ujungujungu boorish, ukuqesha yaye liququzelele uqhushululu."

Kwakhona, umthetho waba kwi Navy, nto leyo maxa wambi kusetyenziswa namhlanje. Ngoko ke, ukuba umntu ehamba elunxwemeni, anxile ade andabikho zingqondweni, kodwa ke wafunyanwa elele intloko yakhe ngakwicala le nqanawa, kulo mzekelo, cishe akukho kohlwaywa, 'liye makangehli, kodwa bazama back. "

Kwakhona, oko uPetros Great kwilizwe lethu liye libe isiko lokubhiyozela Meyi uSuku. Belibolekiwe evela kwabantu baseYurophu. Ngoko ke, le holide ibhiyozelwa yimini spring amaJamani kunye Scandinavians. E Moscow, imibhiyozo zaye zabanjwa, ubeke etafileni ukuze bonke abadlulayo-nge. Uthatho-nxaxheba Imikhosi zazidlala * kuKhesare ngokwakhe, ukubiza abantu ukuze bajoyine.

Imithetho yokuziphatha kwiindibano

Ukongeza ezintsha emkhosini, ukulandelelana kweziganeko kunye nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi, * uKhesare wayelikhathalele ngokuvela inkcubeko jikelele yabemi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukumkani bazama ukwenza yonke into kangangoko namhlanje ngathi izigqibo zayo ngaphezulu enokubangela kuphela ngoncumo.

Ngoko ke, cinga indlela engaqhelekanga kaPetros 1. Funny namhlanje, baba revolution ngokwenene kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo.

Phakathi kwezinye lo ummiselo ithandwayo phezu imithetho yokuziphatha esidlangalaleni njengondwendwe kwaye amabandla. Okokuqala, nifanele ukuhlambana ngononophelo kwaye aphucule. Okwesibini, ube sisiqingatha ulambile ziingcathu ngcono. Okwesithathu, musa ukuma apho kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo. Kukwacetyiswa kwakhona ukuba ukwazi kwangaphambili, apho zangasese xa into eyenzekayo. Okwesine, lidle wavumela, kodwa usele - indyebo. Ngendlela, ukuba enxila iRussia sengqondo okhethekileyo. Abo baye andabikho zingqondweni evela izixa ezikhulu utywala, ufanele lisongwe ngobuchule ngokwahlukileyo, "khon 'ukuze bawe kwityala kwaye musa kuphazamisana nemidudo." Okwesihlanu, banikwe amanenekazi ngokwaphula iingcebiso, "khon 'ukuze afumane kwi Mordasov".

Ke wokugqibela iimfundiso ezibalulekileyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba akukho mnandi ngaphandle ingoma, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukulungisa nabaculi, yaye "kungekhona egqumayo iesile Valaam".

Ukubalwa kwabantu

Phofu ke, njengokuba umyalelo yokulandelelana uPetros 1, eli lungiselelo kwakuyimfuneko ukuba urhulumente. Ngenxa gqolo kwiphulo lomkhosi kweli lizwe uhlala kufuneka imali umkhosi. Ngoko ke, lo mlawuli wakhupha umyalelo ukubamba ubalo oseNkandla.

Kodwa lo mlinganiselo zange ukuvelisa isiphumo efanelekileyo. Le benani abafuni ukuba ahlawule irhafu, "njengendawo engaziwayo", njengoko ilizwe sele udiniwe yemfazwe rhoqo. Ngoko ke, uPetros Alexeyevich kwafuneka ukwenza ubalo izihlandlo eziliqela ezifana, njengokuba kunye nenani entsha ngalinye amakhaya yehla.

Iziphumo zobalo ophelileyo yomhla iminyaka 1646 no 1678. Idatha yehliswe ngamashumi amabini ekhulwini phezu 1710. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba omnye umzamo ngulo wokuba "uthathe mabali konke konke, yaye ukuba kunjalo (ixesha nonyaka)," Umzi irhafu liye lathatyathelw capitation.

Okunye nezimiso fun

Wedwa unobangela izigqibo kakumkani malunga nabasemagunyeni. Umzekelo, ummiselo Peter 1 kwi khoboka. Ngokutsho kuye: "eyayilikhoboka ubuso esiphezulu kufuneka babe bubudenge, owenkawu imbonakalo, ukuze ibonakale ngcono."

Ukongeza, ezi yeeNgwevu balelwa ukufunda intetho. Ngenxa yoko, kwafuneka ukuba bathethe ngamazwi abo, kwaye esingaqondwayo inqanaba lophuhliso nganye.

Akukho umdla kangako yaba ummiselo Peter 1 ebomvu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, akuvumelekile ukuba ukuthatha inkonzo abantu onesiphene (iinwele ezibomvu ngoko ingqalelo njengoko anjalo). Le umyalelo okubangelwa ngokuyinxenye ngokuthi "amanqaku uThixo elinamandla."

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, Peter I nemimiselo yakhe equka onke amacandelo oluntu. Kaninzi ke beluqhuqha amadoda kuphela, kodwa oosisi. Nanku umzekelo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo eRashiya, eluswini libunile njengento uphawu 'igazi eluhlaza. " Ngoko ke ladies of amazinyo olumbhatshileyo ukuba umahluko omkhulu. Ukongeza, amazinyo abolileyo eboniswe nempumelelo. A eninzi nemali - oluninzi ukutya iswekile. Ngoko ke, lo mlawuli wayalela amanenekazi ukuhlamba amazinyo akho uze mhlophe ngetshokhwe.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza baziqhelanisa imimiselo yomnye wakubaphathi inkulu eRashiya. UMlawuli uPeter Omkhulu wayengekho nje intloko lizwe, yena Radel zokuphuculwa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi yoluntu.

Nkqu nangona yokuba namhlanje ezinye njengemithetho yakhe kunokubangela uncumo, ngelo xesha ke amanyathelo yotshintsho olululo.