Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: engobomi, okuhamba kunye nokufumanisa

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) nje kuphela Umatiloshe cishe, wempi, ilungu Wawongwa i Petersburg Academy of Sciences, kodwa inani elikhethekileyo nembali kunye ngomnye wabaseki Russian Oceanology. Le ndoda yaba nefuthe elikhulu zombini imbali zobuntlola zaselwandle lwasekhaya, kwaye ngokubanzi kuzo zonke engahambi jikelele. Asingabo bonke abantu abaziyo ukuba umbhali we "Atlas South Ulwandle" wokuqala kwaba kanye Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. biography emfutshane Umatiloshe Russian na iincwadi zezifundo kunye nendawo yawo kuzo zonke izikolo zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa, njengoko igama elaziwa kwi wonke umntu zizifundiswa, njalo nje enxulumene eliJongene Russian, ngokwemimandla nangeendlela njalo njalo. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: ibhayografi emfutshane

Oku oomatiloshe Russian ngubani ekuzalweni ogama uAdam Ioann, weza evela Russified izidwangube Ostsee usapho waseJamani, umseki ogama lakhe-mkhulu - filipp Kruzius. Wazalwa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ogama engobomi ngokusondeleyo elwandle, zikaNovemba wesibhozo 1770 e-Estonia, ilifa Hagudis. Uyise waba ngumgwebi. Ukususela kwasebuntwaneni ekuqaleni, le gosa elizayo wayefuna ukufumana uzijikelezise emhlabeni ngaselwandle. Nangona ubomi bakhe babusoloko edityaniswe elwandle, ukuba iphupha lakhe kwangoko xiya.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern emva Revel Church School, apho wayefunda iminyaka emithathu ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi, ngoko nangoko wangena kuphela ngexesha esikolweni e Kronstadt, apho baqeqeshiwe amagosa zithuthi - Marine Corps. Iphulo lokuqala midshipman igqume phezu babeziindleko kwamanzi imizimba 1787 kuLwandle lweBaltic. Kungekudala imfazwe Russian-Swedish. Kanye nabanye abaninzi, Ivan Kruzenshtern, yokungabi ixesha aze kugqibezela ikhosi, ngaphambi ishedyuli sayilwa kungena midshipmen kwi yomgama umpu-74 inqanawa "Mstislav". Oku kwenzeka ngo-1788. Bazibalula kwi Idabi Hogland kulo nyaka, i-Ivan oselula yabalasela umyalelo. Kunye neentlawulo zeenkonzo zakhe amadabi elwandle kwi Vyborg bay kwi Krasnaya Gorka kunye Revel ngo-1790 wenziwa Lieutenant.

ngokuzithandela isithuba UK

Ngowe-1793, amagosa standouts elinambini ukwenzela ukuphucula imicimbi bamazwe bathunyelwa eNgilani. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kunye Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Biography of elizayo Admiral kweli xesha iqalisa ukukhula kakhulu. Ekubeni washiya Russian uBukhosi, ixesha elide wabetha baqhubeka nohambo awahlali Thetis kunxweme kumantla of America, apho ngaphezu kanye inxaxheba iimfazwe kunye iinqanawa French batyelela Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda. Ukuze ukufunda amanzi East Indian, waya kungena Bay of Bengal. Injongo yawo ukuseka indlela urhwebo Russian kule ngingqi.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, xa ndingumthetheli Order of St George ibanga lesine, abanomdla kakhulu ekurhwebeni noboya i eRashiya neChina, leyo kwenzeka kwindlela umhlaba Okhotsk on Kyakhta. Ukuba e Canton, belilelayo ithuba ukubona iingenelo, nenokuthi ukufumana Russia on yokuthengisa ngqo oboya zabo China elwandle. Ukongeza, nangona ulutsha isizalwane, ikamva Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern wazama ukuseka ubudlelwane ngqo kunye Holdings sixeko Russian ibekwe kwi kummandla of America, ukuze abe nako ukunika ngazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko. Ngapha koko, ukuba sele iqalile ukuba acinge nzulu malunga zivela khona phambi kokuba iprojekthi umjikelo imfazwe amaqhawe Swedish, injongo yakhe iphambili iza kuba ukuphucula Navy Russian njengoko iindlela ezikude, kwakunye nophuhliso yorhwebo lobukoloniyali. Ngoko ke, kuqubha inkonzo kwi amanzi Indian, Pacific ne Atlantic Oceans, Umlawuli isaphonononga zonke iindlela ezinokubakho.

Amazing

Abanamava kunye ngokuqinileyo, ngo-1799 Ivan kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva wabuyela eRashiya. E St. Petersburg, wazama ukuba niyinikele iiprojekthi zabo nezimvo ke ngesinqanawa eso, kodwa zange ukufumana ukuqonda.

Noko ke, xa 1802 isicelo efanayo ukwenza ibhodi uphambili Russian Ministry of Commerce, uMlawuli Alexander I evunyiweyo oko, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni, emva ukuxhobisa kwiphulo ehlabathini. Kanye ngeli xesha kwaye Ndakhumbula ke Kruzenshtern, ebamema ukuba kukumkani.

I umjikelo wokuqala

I koMlawuli, eziphefumlelweyo kakhulu kunye neprojekthi, evunyiweyo waza wasinika ithuba lobuqu Kruzenshtern ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Uhambo wamiselwa ezimbini sloop esincinane "Ithemba", anobunzima 450 kunye inqanawa kancinane lula "Neva". Ukuze umthetho mkhankaso kwaye inqanawa ephambili Kruzenshtern waba Ivan, ukuvulwa apho kamva uye phantsi kwimbali yeNavigeyishini Russian njengenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo. Umyalelo we sloop "Neva" uyiphathisiweyo umhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, uLieutenant-Commander Yu Lisyansky.

uhambo Mnandi yaqala ekuqaleni kuka Agasti 1803. Zombini imikhombe ngaxeshanye ngaphandle Kronstadt kwizibuko ukuya kwi indlela ende kwaye kunzima kakhulu. Umsebenzi ophambili eyathi yabekwa phambi hambo - ukufunda umlomo Amur River ukuba bafumane iindlela ezintsha. Bekusoloko ebazisa usukelo Russian Pacific Fleet, ndaqonda ukuba le-ixesha elide abahlobo kunye nabo bathembela - Kruzenshtern kunye Lisyansky. Emva koko kwafuneka aye ngokusebenzisa kobunzima obuninzi.
INkundla kwafuneka ukuba banxibe iflegi yasemkhosini. Ngaphandle iinjongo zokuthenga, le sloop "Ithemba" kwakufuneka zihanjisiwe eJapan, unozakuzaku Russian - Chamberlain Rezanov, ngubani sanyanzeleka ukuba aququzelele ubudlelwane borhwebo kunye Japan. Kwaye ngenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi ukusuka Russian Academy of Sciences umkhankaso athunyelwa semvelo Langsdorf kunye Tilesius kunye ngeenkwenkwezi Horner.

ikhweyitha Southern

Aphuma naye alingenele Kronstadt, iNkundla ezidada kwizibuko Copenhagen, e Falmouth, wabagxotha kuyo kwisiqithi saseTenerife, kwaye sele elinesine ngoNovemba, ngokunqakraza kwi-ikhweyitha okwesihlandlo sokuqala Russian iflegi imfazwe ikhweyitha esemazantsi. Ngexesha lonke iimephu ulungiso ngenqanawa, khangela iziqithi ezintsha ezingqonge unxweme lokudubula ngqo abenza Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Ukuba zivulwe ngethuba le umjikelo we umkhenkethi enkulu, uya kwaziwa ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa, xa wapapasha amanqaku akhe phezu kolu hambo, ehambisa uluntu eninzi izinto ezinomdla kwaneento zonke awazibonayo ngexesha hambo.

Ukufikelela Brazilian Santa Catarina, abahloli kwafunyaniswa ukuba "Neva" kwakufuneka kutshintshwe ezinde ezimbini, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba senze lukhulu yokupaka encinane. Xa ugqibile ukulungiswa, iinqanawa waya ukuwela ikhweyitha. Ukususela ngelo xesha, kunye Kruzenshtern Lisyansky sele ukuze sibe nebhongo iinkonzo zabo lizwe kakuhle. Ngapha koko, iflegi Russian kuqala wabetha ikhweyitha Southern, ngelo xesha ngokwenene linyathelo olululo.

NgoFebruwari 1804 wokuqala yawujikeleza fleet ehlabathini, usondelisa Cape Horn, yahlulwa. Isizathu yaba zesimo sezulu. Ekupheleni kuka-Aprili Kruzenshtern wakwazi ukuya kwi Marquesas Islands, apho abahambi baphinde: kwizibuko Anna Maria, kamva nowayeza kwaziwa Nukuhiva, "Neva" ne "ithemba" wadibana.

Watyhutyha iziqithi Vashingtonovyh, lo umjikelo kwiphulo lokuqala Russian waqhubeka bekuyintsika ngasentla. Kodwa "Neva" ne "ithemba" waphinda wangena ngoMeyi kufuphi zeHawaii Islands. Inqanawa yokuqala sanduluka ngakwicala Alaska kunye nezinye ayinanto ukuya kunxweme eKamchatka eJapan. Kuye ukususela Ingalik Eskimo Island, lalo eUnited States, ogama ngokusemthethweni siqithi Krusenstern.

inxalenye Japanese kweli ziko

Amabini anesithandathu ngoSeptemba 1804 i sloop "Nadezhda" wafika e Nagasaki. EJapan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern kwafuneka ukuba bahlale kude kunyaka ozayo. Mistrustful kwaye kakhulu kade Japanese wala ukwamkela unozakuzaku Russian. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-Epreli, umba sele usonjululwe.

Return ne Rezanov ena Kruzenshtern isigqibo ngokusebenzisa kuLwandle eJapan, ngelo xesha ngokupheleleyo omkhulu unexplored. Endleleni wakwazi ukuhlola kunxweme olusentshona Nipon kunye Matsmaya, kwakunye basezantsi kwaye isiqingatha elingasempuma kwisiqithi Sakhalin. Ukongeza, uIvan ichonge kunye nendawo kwezinye iziqithi ezininzi.

mission Ukugqitywa

Ezidada uPetros noPawulos port, afike nozakuzaku returns Kruzenshtern ukuya kunxweme Sakhalin, yena akugqiba izifundo zakhe, ngoko sondeza ku ngasentla, kuya Amur ichweba, apho yesibini ka-Agasti wabuyela eKamchatka, apho, libuyisele isitokhwe ukutya, "Ithemba" ithunyelwa ku Kronstadt. Yaphela kanjalo yohambo sodumo ehlabathini jikelele Kruzenshtern, nto leyo yokuqala ebhaliwe kwimbali navigation Russian. Kuyinto bugwetyelwe projekthi icetywayo iza kuba ixesha entsha kuphela, kodwa ukuze zityebise geography kunye nenzululwazi ngezobugqi ingcaciso eluncedo malunga kumazwe kancinane-yaziwa. Mbusi ngesisa kakhulu wavuza Kruzenshtern kunye Lisiansky, kwakunye nazo zonke ezinye amalungu hambo. Ukuze kukhunjulwe esi siganeko sibaluleke ka- Alexander I wada wayalela imbasa ekhethekileyo ndinkqonkqoza.

UPawulos

Ngowe-1811, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ogama iifoto bunokubonwa nayiphi na incwadi izikolo zaselwandle kunye nezinye izikolo zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa, wamiselwa umhloli kweeklasi kuLwandle yeCadet Corps. Kodwa ke, ngokwenza isifo iliso kwaye asiphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo ulwalamano kunye nomphathiswa zaselwandle basebukhosini yabangela ukuba ukucela emsebenzini, yaye ngoDisemba 1815 kuqala ukuya ikhefu elingenammiselo.

Ngokwenza ukususela ngelo xesha waqala ukuphuhlisa imiyalelo ezicacileyo ezijonge ukuba uhambo ehlabathini, ezenzeka ukususela 1815 ukuya 1818 phantsi kobunkokheli Kotzebue - igosa junior kohambo yobuntombi. Kruzenshtern nam ndaya eNgilani, apho ke wayalela izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuhamba. Uthe akubuya, wafumana ikhefu elingenammiselo, waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla kokudalwa 'Atlas South Ulwandle "wakhe, ezisingelwe zikhatshwe amanqaku lokuhlola amanzi kunye nohlalutyo kwabasebenzi izyasneniem. Ivan ukumnceda iingcali eyenziwayo kwaye wadala inkcazelo enkulu zemfundo uhambo a lot of iimephu kunye nemizobo. Lo msebenzi, epapashwe Russian kwaye isiJamani, sele iguqulelwe isiFrentshi, yaye kamva kuzo zonke ngaphandle kokukhetha iilwimi zaseYurophu. Yena wawongwa Prize Demidov.

Manual Marine Corps

Ngowe-1827 Kruzenshtern waba ngumlawuli we-Marine Corps. Phantse ngelo xesha linye, waba lilungu leBhodi Admiralty. iminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu e umqhubi kuphawulwa kwiinguqu ezimandla kwiziko lomkhosi: Ivan laqalisa izifundo ezintsha zokufundisa kunye nethala aphuculweyo kunye olondolozo iinzuzo ezininzi. utshintsho olukhulu sichaphazele kuphela kwinqanaba yokuziphatha nemfundo. Admiral wasungula iklasi igosa, i-ofisi emzimbeni kunye Observatory.

Ngokucelwa ekhethekileyo omzimba Ivan ngowe-1827 waba Naval Academy.

imisebenzi Scientific and lombutho

Ekuqaleni yeHlabathi yeSibini, ngo-1812, Kruzenshtern, ukuba umntu osisityebi, babingelela abantu wamajoni -third ngayo ubutyebi bakhe. Ngaloo mihla eninzi nemali - iwaka engange. Kulo nyaka mnye wapapasha umqulu ezintathu-"uhambo ehlabathini lonke ..." akhe, yaye 1813th wonyulwa lilungu ezininzi zenzululwazi nkqu zezifundiswa eNgilani Denmark, Germany kunye France.

De 1836 Kruzenshtern epapashwe "Atlas South Ulwandle" yakhe, waba amanqaku lokuhlola amanzi. Ekubeni th 1827 kunye we 1842, ngokuthe ngcembe ukufukuka ngokusebenzisa ezintlwini, waya Admiral. abahambi ezininzi kakhulu abadumileyo kunye nabahloli bafuna inkxaso okanye neengcebiso Ivan. Waba ngumququzeleli hambo eyayikhokelwa Otto Kotzebue, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa Vavileva kunye Shishmareva, Bellingshausen and various, Stanyukovicha kunye Litke.

ukuqeqesha umzimba

Ngokutsho ayephila, Kruzenshtern wema phandle kwindawo yazo, ezahlukeneyo umbhinqo lweembaleki negxalaba kunye nencum zobugorha abagqwesayo kolu hambo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kundwendwelo, phezu kwazo noogxa edidayo, yamsusa naye phezu iintsimbi yonke imihla kwaye wasebenza kunye nabo. umthambo ozithandayo yakhe, cinezela ukutyhala.

In memory of

ESt Petersburg ngo-1874 yi-wezakhiwo nomkroli Monighetti Schroeder phambi Marine Corps waseka isikhumbuzo Krusenstern. Yena yayisakhiwa mali zabucala, nangona umxhesho encinane safunyanwa kwaye evela kurhulumente.

Igama enkulu Explorer ogama lexinene, izixhobo kunye amaxolo. Yaye ngowe-1993, i-Russian Bank ekhutshwe iingqekembe zokubhiyizela "Umjikelo wokuqala Russian uhambo ihlabathi" series.

Wangcwatywa omkhulu Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern e Tallinn Dome Church.