"Zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko. Isishwankathelo i "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko

"Zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko, umxholo leyo zombini sisikhokelo esinokusetyenziswa ukukhulisa ummi epheleleyo yoluntu kunye nomsebenzi ecacileyo zoncwadi - enye i "neeperile" iincwadi Soviet. Iziganeko ezichazwe kwinoveli, ngokuphila, abalinganiswa amagama yokwenene, kuquka umbhali ngokwakhe. Key kule nkqubo zokufundisa Makarenko na ingcamango kwemfundo ubuntu komntwana ngokusebenzisa iqela. Ukuvunywa kwalo mbono, enyanisweni, eyayinikelwe i "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko. Isishwankathelo, kwakunye ngokwayo inoveli ibandakanya iinxalenye 3 kunye izahluko-15 (kuquka UYobi). Ngelo xesha linye lo mbongo eneneni wadalwa "awasukela, athana mbende", ngqo kwinkqubo ubomi koloni.

"Zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko: Isishwankathelo ngu isahluko

Umxholo kwinoveli kukho amanqaku ezininzi ezingundoqo: isiseko kweli thanga, imbonakalo kufika kuqala kunye neengxaki zokuqala, "wumbe" ndawana yokuziphatha kwabafundi, ukwakha iqela, intsebenziswano lwentlalo.

qala isenzo

Isenzo umbongo ithatha indawo imi- 20-kwi-USSR. Eyibhalela ebusweni lombhali (Anton Makarenko). "Zokufundisa Poem" luqala yokuba ophambili kweli thanga uzisekile. Gorky e Poltava ukuba abantwana abahlala ezitalatweni, kubo apho abaphuli-mthetho abasebatsha. Ukongeza Makarenko, abasebenzi yokufundisa kweli thanga liqulethe yootitshala ezimbini (Ekateriny Grigorevny uLydia Petrovna) kunye umphathi omnye (Kalina Ivanovich). Ngenkxaso izinto baqhuba kakuhle njengoko kunzima - uninzi kwempahla karhulumente sele baphanga ngononophelo abamelwane ekufutshane koloni.

I kufika kuqala

Amabanjwa yokuqala thanga sasingabantwana abathandathu (ezine sele eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala): Burun Bendyuk, Volohov, Hood, ihlombe, kunye Taranets. Nangona ukwamkelwa efudumeleyo (neemeko koloni Kumnyinyiva ovunyelweyo), ikamva bezithanga imbonakalo yazo ngoko nangoko wakwenza kwacaca ukuba ingakumbi nomtsalane ubomi babo. Malunga uqeqesho ku nga ri: i bezithanga nje ngoyaba ootitshala babo ukuba diye edolophini ngokuhlwa uze ubuyele kuphela kusasa. Emva kweveki lokubulala kunye nokuphanga wabanjwa Bendyuk. Yenza eminye imisebenzi bezithanga, kakhulu, wala.

Oku ke kwenzeka iinyanga eziliqela. Kodwa xa imeko litshintshile kakhulu. Xa lokuqhubeka linye olandelayo Makarenko waphulukana ngumsindo kwaye betha enye bezithanga phambi kwezinye, ngesiquphe abafundi batshintsha isimo sabo ukuya kweli thanga kunye nemithetho yayo. Kuba okokuqala baya kusikwa iinkuni, ngokholo elungileyo ukwenza umsebenzi wayo de kube sekupheleni. "Akukho Thina embi kangako, Anton Semenovich! - wathi ekupheleni Makarenko "ulixhoba" colonist. - Kuya kuba konke kulungile. Siyaqonda. " Oko kwakukho kwasekuqalekeni kufika abantu nemibutho.

Imithetho koloni

Ngokuthe ngcembe, umphathi ilawula ukuba alungiselele ezithile uqeqesho kwi kuyo. "Malina" imisiwe. Ukususela ngoku, wonke umntu kufuneka bacoce iibhedi zabo okulala amiswe umsebenzi. Shiya ngaphandle kwemvume kweli thanga akuvumelekanga. Violators abavumelekanga umva. Kwakhona, bonke abafundi kufuneka ukuba baye esikolweni.

Ngokwahlukeneyo thaca ingxaki lobusela kumsebenzi "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko. Isishwankathelo, ngaphandle ngezantsi, ugxininisa oku kuphela. Iqela labafundi ngelo xesha kwakukho abantu abangamashumi amathathu. Ukutya Akwanele ngaso. Le kufika ebe amalungiselelo ukusuka yokugcina; kanye xa intloko imali elishiyiweyo. Uvuthondaba kuba iye yeba imali oosisi ubudala, igumbi, lowo wayekhonza kuyo. Makarenko efanele inkqubo, isela lithe lafunyanwa. Anton Semenovich wabhenela indlela 'Court yaBantu ". Burun (colonist, wagwetyelwa ubusela) wabeka phambi yaso. Abafundi abayithandi kakubi kwakhe, bazilungiselele ukuphumeza isohlwayo phezu kwakhe. Ngenxa yoko, Burun wathumela phantsi ebanjiwe. Emva kwesi siganeko, umfundi uyekile ukuba.

team Formation

Ngokuthe ngcembe kwasekwa iqela ngokwenene kuyo. Abafundi bakhokelwa nje kuphela thina kodwa kwabanye. Umzuzwana ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko (isishwankathelo isiqinisekiso) kukudala patrol. Le kufika balungiselela ngezigaba abangamavolontiya ilinde zasekuhlaleni evela abaphangi, abazingeli kunye nabanye. Ngaphandle kokuba abemi belizwe ngeenxa luloyiko zibhekisa imiyalelo efanayo, ngokufuthi ngokuwahlula nabaphangi zasekuhlaleni, kuba ababevela yeqela, yaba linyathelo elikhulu kuphuhliso. Owayesakuba izaphuli bakwazi ukuba amalungu ngokupheleleyo oluntu, elikuvunayo karhulumente.

Kwelinye icala, ngakumbi nangakumbi kukuba ekhula ubuhlobo balo bezithanga ngaphakathi kwiqela. Ngokubonakalayo wasebenzisa umgaqo "enye kuzo, yonke enye."

housewarming

Kukho indawo kunye amanqaku ngembali encwadini "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko. umxholo emfutshane yomsebenzi akakwazanga miss le ngongoma: ngo-1923, elo thanga wafudukela kwenduku estate ishiywe. Apha kufika ukuphatha ukuze iphupha babo kwezolimo. Ngokubanzi, umlinganiselo abafundi ukuba ayengafuni ukukhala kude kwinto owawuyiyo ekuqaleni. Bonke abadlali ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo ibe likhaya lakhe, elowo esenza igalelo layo ukuze ubomi yunithi kunye nobudlelwane ehlangeneyo. Xa isebe kweli thanga ivela ingcibi, umchweli, kunye nabanye. Abantwana ngcembe baqale kakuhle amakhono zokusebenza.

Xa ikoloni abafundi kukho uthando elitsha - yeqonga. Benza ngemidlalo, ebamema ukuba abahlali bendawo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, le nkundla uba ithandwa ngokwenene. Kwakhona, abafundi baqala ukuba ilingane odumileyo nombhali yiSoviet Mxim Gorky.

Ngo-1926, abafana ukufudukela Kuryazh ukuba balungiselele ubomi entolongweni yasekuhlaleni, leyo ezikwimeko engafanelekanga. Hayi nje abahlali balapha athathe Gorkyites. I bakufumanisa kunzima awazise intlanganiso. Ixesha lokuqala, akukho namnye Kuryazhsky bezithanga wayengafuni ukusebenza - wonke umsebenzi eziyimfuneko ukwenza ikhoboka Makarenko. Lidla kukho uyamlwela kwiingxoxo nokuba iza IKomishoni yoPhando. Ngaxeshanye, ngcono ulawulo kwicala abasemagunyeni zemisebenzi Makarenko. izimvo zakhe zokufundisa kunye neendlela asingabo nabaxhasi kuphela kodwa iqela, kule nkalo, ukwandisa uxinzelelo utitshala. Noko ke, amandla jikelele Makarenko kunye Gorkyites ngcembe nokulawula ukuseka ubomi Kuryazhsky kufika kuququzelela abasebenzi yokwenene ngokupheleleyo-enobugcisa. Apogee kubomi kweli thanga uba utyelelo lwakhe Mxim Gorky.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, uxinzelelo Makarenko kwafuneka kule ndawo. Iminyaka esixhenxe, Anton Semenovich kweliso Thethani yabasebenzi OGPU abantwana igama layo emva FE Dzerzhinsky. Phezu kwayo nje izigxeko ezininzi, Makarenko igalelo kwimfundo iqela labantwana uxatyiswa kakhulu yi-pedagogy yanamhlanje. inkqubo Makarenko waba abalandeli bayo, kuquka phakathi ngamabanjwa nababefudula koloni. "Zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko - isampula omkhulu, inzima, kodwa aku- ebonakalayo, umsebenzi omkhulu katitshala, kumda feat.

Isiphumo lo msebenzi, njengoko sibona kwimveliso "zokufundisa Poem" Makarenko (isishwankathelo oku kubonisa), ziphinde ngaphezu kwama 3,000 bezithanga abaye babe ngabemi yinxalenye yoluntu eSoviet. Ezi nkcukacha umsebenzi wokufundisa kubonakala kwinani lwemisebenzi yoncwadi Makarenko. "Zokufundisa Poem" ngokufutshane ichaza imigaqo esisiseko lwemisebenzi yayo yemfundo practice.