Amazwe Oil-kwamanye amazwe. Le abathumela inkulu yamafutha - uluhlu

Abaninzi amazwe oli-ezivelisa bakwazi ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho sibonga ayo kumiliselo vimba uphambili. Kodwa ke amazinga okukhula olutshintshatshintshayo ngeke kwenzeke ukuba iintlanga asahlumayo zimanyene.

iqela amazwe namafutha ezivelisa

Ngaphambi kokuba ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na imibutho elawula imveliso oli ekrwada kunye nezimo ngokulandelwa nokuphunyezwa kwayo, kubalulekile ukuyiqonda into isimo kungena. Ngoko ke, lo bathengisela ephambili zamafutha amazwe apho misela. Kule meko, ezo iinkokeli zehlabathi ukuvelisa ngaphezulu kwezigidi-gidi imiphanda ngonyaka ngamnye.

Iingcali onke amazwe bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezininzi:

- amalungu OPEC;

- United States Canada;

- amazwe North Sea;

- namanye amazwe ezinkulu.

ubunkokheli World fanele kwiqela lokuqala.

Imbali i-OPEC

Umbutho zamazwe ezisa kunye abathumeli oyile enkulu, lidla ngokuba imboni. It wadalwa kumazwe aliqela ukuze uzinzise amaxabiso izinto ezisisiseko ekrwada. Lo mbutho ibizwa ngokuba OPEC (IsiNgesi OPEC -. UMbutho of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

Amazwe ephambili oyile-amazwe, ebeyinalo kumazwe asaphuhlayo bemanyene 1960. Kubekho isiganeko ibalulekileyo kule nkomfa Septemba e Baghdad. Eli phulo uxhaswe kumazwe amahlanu: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, e-Iran, Kuwait kunye Venezuela. Oku kwenzeka emva kokuba iinkampani 7 ezinkulu abekwa abandakanyeka kwimveliso ye-oyile, ekwabizwa ngokuba 'Oodade abasixhenxe ", kuncitshiswa unilaterally ukuthenga kwi ixabiso le-oyile. Ngapha koko, kuxhomekeke ixabiso kwafuneka ukuhlawula irente ilungelo ukuphuhlisa iidiphozithi irhafu.

Kodwa ke lithi basandul ezizimeleyo kuya ukulawula ukuveliswa leoli ummandla wayo nokubeka esweni ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobutyebi. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ngowe-1960 lo unikezelo izinto ekrwada udlula imfuno, ngoko enye yeenjongo OPEC wayeza ukunqanda ukuy ixabiso ngakumbi.

Isiqalo

Emva kokuba ukusekwa umbutho ngamazwe kumazwe oli-uku rhweba waqala azibandakanye naye. Ngoko ke, ngo-1960 inani amazwe ebandakanywe OPEC, iye luphindiwe. Wajoyina umbutho, Indonesia, Qatar, Libya, Algeria, i-United Arab Emirates. Ngelo xesha, isibhengezo samkelwa, ukulungisa umgaqo-nkqubo oyile. Yathi ukuba amazwe anelungelo lokusebenzisa ulawulo esisigxina phezu izibonelelo zabo baze baqinisekise ukuba kusetyenziswa iimfuno zophuhliso lwabo.

kumazwe oli enkulu ehlabathini ngo-1970 wathabatha unolawulo olugqityiweyo lwe ekuvelisweni ulwelo enokutsha. Kuxhomekeke umsebenzi ixabiso OPEC sele uthembele, ekhwele lokubonelela ekrwada. Ngeli xesha, wajoyina umbutho, kunye namanye amazwe neoli-kwamanye amazwe. Olu luhlu iye yakhula ukuquka amalungu 13: kwakhona iquka Ecuador, Nigeria kunye Gabon.

zokulungisa izinto ezidingekayo

Kunokuba isithuba 1980 ngentsimbi esintsonkothileyo. Ngapha koko, ekuqaleni elishumi, amaxabiso ziye zanda unprecedentedly. Kodwa ngo-1986 behla baba, wabeka amaxabiso-10 zeerandi umphanda nganye. Oku kwaba buhlungu kakhulu, ubunzima onke amazwe oyile-kwamanye amazwe. OPEC ikwazile ukuzinzisa iindleko izinto ekrwada. Kwangaxeshanye, incoko iye yasekwa kunye namazwe ezingezozethu lo mbutho. Kwathiwa wabeka quotas kwimveliso ye-oyile kumalungu OPEC. Imboni kwavunyelwana indlela namaxabiso.

Ukubaluleka i-OPEC

Ukuze siqonde iintsingiselo zolu rhwebo ioli zehlabathi kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba nomthelela OPEC yatshintsha le meko. Ngoko ke, ngo-1970 yokuqala, amazwe angamalungu esweni yi% 2 kuphela yemveliso kazwelonke yale impahla eluhlaza. Sele ngo-1973, uRhulumente waqinisekisa ukuba phantsi kolawulo lwabo sakhutshelwa-20% yemveliso oyile, yaye ngo-1980 waba ngunyaka oko kuxhomekeke ngaphezu kwe-86% zemveliso iyonke lwemvelaphi. Ngenxa yale kumazwe oli-amazwe, nto leyo ke, nimanywe OPEC, baba amandla self-sisiqinisekiso emarikeni. nookopolotyeni bezizwe ngezizwe ngelo xesha uphulukene amandla wabo, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente kangangoko kunokwenzeka zonke uhulumeni kushishino oyile.

Imiba jikelele

Kodwa asingabo bonke kumazwe oli-uku rhweba aba yinxalenye ezikhethekileyo nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1990, urhulumente Gabon iye yagqiba ukuba lirhoxe OPEC, kwangaxesha nye, Ecuador enqunyanyiswe okwethutyana inxaxheba kwimicimbi yombutho (ukususela 1992 ukuya ku-2007). Russia, esibambe isikhundla ephambili ngokwemigaqo kuveliswe le resource, ngo-1998 waba elibukhali kwi imboni.

Okwangoku, amalungu OPEC zizonke, athwale-40% yemveliso yeoli ekhoyo ehlabathini. Kulo mzekelo, ezinazo 80% woovimba kwaba kwale nto ekrwada. Lo mbutho unakho ukutshintsha kwinqanaba elifunekayo kwimveliso ye-oyile kumazwe inxaxheba ngokwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ngokwakho. Ngelo xesha, amazwe amaninzi inxaxheba kuphuhliso iidipozithi le ncwadi, esebenza ngokupheleleyo.

angaphandle ezinkulu

Ngoku amalungu OPEC angu-12. Abanye States baye benza ekuphuhliseni isiseko izinto ekrwada, ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Umzekelo, ezi ke bathengisela inkulu ioli, ezifana naseRussia nase-United States. Bona bengenakufumana impembelelo OPEC, intlangano yakhe bizela imiqathango imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa iziveliso ekrwada. Kodwa kufuneka abuyisele le iintsingiselo zehlabathi ezichaza zorhwebo angamalungu. Okwangoku, Russia kunye United States babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ephambili kwimarike yehlabathi, kunye Saudi Arabia. Ngokutsho kwinqanaba gesi ulwelo olunokutsha kwi karhulumente ngamnye ngaphezu kwe-10%.

Kodwa akukho yonke amazwe oyile-kwamanye amazwe. Uluhlu eziphezulu ezilishumi nayo iquka China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, i-United Arab Emirates.

Ngoku kumazwe angaphezu kwama-100 ezahlukeneyo kukho iidipozithi zophuhliso ifildi oyile kuqhutywa kuzo. Kodwa ke umthamo sisivuno, Kakade ke, ukongama zincinane xa zithelekiswa nezo ezigcinwe amazwe oyile-kwamanye amazwe.

neminye imibutho

OPEC na umbutho ibalulekileyo zeoli ezivelisa ithi, kodwa hayi kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1970 oko yayiququzelelwe International Energy Agency. ubulungu balo yamazwe 26 waqala ngoko nangoko. I IEA ayithethi nokulawula imisebenzi bathengisela abangenisa ezinkulu izinto ekrwada. Injongo yale arhente kukuphuhlisa iindlela intsebenziswano ukuba iyafuneka kwiimeko kaxaka. Ngoko ke, saphuhlisa isicwangciso-qhinga saso ukuba embalwa ukunciphisa amandla kwimarike OPEC kaThixo. Iingcebiso ephambili IEA wagqiba ukuba ukudala lizwe koovimba ioli, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezingcono ukuhambisa izinto xa korhwebo kunye ukwenza amanye amalungiselelo ayimfuneko. Oku kube negalelo ekubeni imarike ziyalela imiqathango ngoku nje kuphela bathengisela enkulu ioli.