Lo moya isuka nkqo. VTOL

Nsimbi nokugqwesa zokuyilwa sidibanisa iteknoloji Aviation ekhethekileyo - VTOL. Iingqondo best of Russia, eNgilani kunye United States kwiminyaka emininzi zophuhliso maxesha ngakumbi udale imodeli kukhuphiswano kaHomer. Ukwanda kwesantya, flight kwendawo, payload, kwaye kuliwe iimpawu ezinxulumene ne umsebenzi onzima uphuculo abasisigxina injini ye jet. Yiloo nto eyenza moya isuka nkqo unit isiseko uphambili Air Force na amagunya ehlabathi.

I nkqo lokuqala

I ngqa ngokomfuniselo eyasekwa ngo-1954 godu ubuchule isuka nkqo kunye kokwehla ibikukuphuhlisa yohlobo 65 Air Test Vehicle. uyilo izakhi wayebunjwa ekhoyo phambi yesixa leeyunithi Aviation ezahlukeneyo - fuselage kunye nomsila nkqo zaye abolekwe kwi airframe, kwamaphiko - moya Cessna Model 140A, kwaye kwisisu semoto - endaweni ntaka Bell Model 47. Kude kube ngoku, nabayili mihla bayamangaliswa kwi indlela indibanisela yale umntu ngxenye ukunika zawo!

-Moya inkampani American Bell kwaphela ngo ekupheleni kuka-1953. Kwinyanga kamva, lo moya wokuqala bojinga emoyeni, yaye kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva - ukubhabha yakhe yokuqala free. Kodwa Ukuphuculwa moya zange ayeke, kwanokuba uvavanyo unyaka kunye neemvavanyo emoyeni ukuba lihambisane zokusebenza ezifunekayo.

Lovukelo, kodwa hayi kakhulu

Elise emacaleni iinjini fuselage uya kujikeleziswa degrees 90 kwehlisa, ngaleyo ndlela umkhosi okukunyusa no ahlabe yokubalekela. Turbocharger wenziwe isondlo olunzulu ngqo ngokwabo nemilomo umoya kwi iziphelo iphiko nomsila. Inika ulawulo ukuya yonke imo aviakonstruktsiey endiza, kunye ukugcina eli khono naxa uqhuba ngesantya eliphantsi.

Kodwa kungekudala iziphumo zeemvavanyo, Bell wenqaba ukuqhubeka nale projekthi. -Moya yokuqala ukusuka nkqo baba saliphosa iinjini jet, kwaba ngenkankulu lagqithisa ubunzima bayo uhambo lwakhe, nangona ngokugqithisileyo intshukumo tye.

Ekubeni ezinjalo iimpawu pilot kulo kwaba nzima ukubamba isantya amaxabiso ngaphandle kunene imida kwi ukubhabha tye santya siphezulu. Ngoko ke, lo engile baseMerika kwatshintsha ingqalelo kwenye.

Behlabathi kuphela Yak-141

Ngowe-1992, wamema ngokukodwa zintatheli eziqinisekisiweyo kwasothusa umdla yokukhokelela moya Koloni kule nqubo. Iingcali ukuqaphela iinkalo moya, obehamba ngaphaya iingqiqo umgangatho yokulwa moya. Kuye kwacaca ukuba kwiminyaka emininzi luphononongo zaqhutywa ngokunxuseneyo kumazwe aliqela, namasundu kuye ofumene moya eSoviet.

Loo Yak-141, kuphela ehlabathini ngelo xesha, moya supersonic isuka nkqo. Wayebalasele yi uluhlu olubanzi yokulwa imishini, isantya esiphezulu kunye uphume ekhethekileyo, kuba abasamkelayo ingqalelo jikelele ngoko nangoko.

Amerika kunye baseYurophu baqalisa kuphuhliso lwabo kule ndawo kwi-60. Kulo mboniso ngo-1961 Farnborough IsiNgesi kuphela inkampani akwazi ukunika nemiphumo emihle. Elizayo main ukulwa moya RAF karma Harrier nkqo ngexesha elinye, akazange kuphela kakhulu umdla, kodwa lo mboniso kakhulu kukhuselwa.

I-British akazange avumele nabani na, nkqu namahlakani abo, amaMelika. Inye kuphela umntu ngenxa yegalelo lazo ebalaseleyo negalelo uloyiso phezu iJamani yamaNazi yaba ngaphandle, waba njengomyili ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Fighters Soviet - A. S. Yakovlev. Akazange kuphela umenyiwe, kodwa eqhelene amathuba kule nqubo.

amagunya emhlabeni uhlanga nkqo

Uphuhliso eSoviet Union ngelo xesha iphumelele ezinye nempumelelo, kodwa ngaphantsi lee ku IsiNgesi. Ukuhlola turbolotom ceba ukunika abathungi amava abalulekileyo yaba ukukwazi ukufaka kwi iinjini moya ezimbini turbojet. Ezi imilomo uyakwazi ukusebenzisa kujikelezo degrees 90.

Uvavanyo Mukhin elinebaxiweyo i moya esibhakabhakeni, ebizwa i-Yak-36. Kodwa lalingekafiki ngumatshini wokulwa yinxalenye. Kwimibonise endaweni imijukujelwa imifuziselo ezizodwa Kumiswe. Ngapha koko, le kwezikhali moya ukuba abakakulungeli.

Ngowe-1967, phambi kokuba iqela leprojekthi Yakovlev of the CPSU Ukuseta umsebenzi ukudala moya ukukhanya isuka nkqo. Le modeli updated ogama Yak-38 zabizwa indlela sokuthandabuza nditsho A. Tupolev. Kodwa sele ngo-1974 i-moya yokuqala-4 zaveliswa.

Emva kokuba noludumileyo ngokucacileyo esibhakabhakeni Harrier ekuhlaseleni yaseBritani imfazwe phezu Falkland Islands ukuya urhulumente waseSoviet kwacaca imfuneko yokuphucula Yak-38 babo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1978 Minaviaproma Commission iphumeze iprojekthi le Yakovlev Design Bureau - nokudalwa ovuselelwe mpo andize karma Yak-141.

iqhawe Soviet

injini Unique, baxhotyiswa nenkqubo yolawulo phambili, imisiwe eRashiya ngokukodwa moya kunye isuka nkqo. Kuba okokuqala isigqibo afterburner umlomo rotary Kufunyenwe ehlabathini - ezo zinto eminyaka baye basebenza eSoviet nje kuphela, kodwa moya angaphandle nabayili. Oku kugqitywe umjikelo uvavanyo komhlaba Yak-141 uze ulithumele ukuba kuvuka. Ukususela iimvavanyo zokuqala Awalimisayo best moya iimpawu zakhe.

Yaba enye kakhulu iiprojekthi moya ngasese, iinkonzo zobuntlola 11 Western ukuze ufumanise ukuba kanye into leyo ikhangeleka njani. moya ukuma nomgangatho woposo ye Yak-141, th 4 Isizukulwana umlweli, yaye zimisele iirekhodi ehlabathini 12. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba bafumane umoya ukongama nokubonelela isiciko ukusuka imigca yotshaba. Locator lakhe ikuvumela ukuba u- kunye neethagethi lomoya emhlabeni. Ukukwazi ukufikelela ngesantya esiphezulu ukuya ku 1800 km / h. umthwalo wokulwa - 1000 kg. Range ukulwa - 340 km. Ubuninzi flight ukuphakama - up to km 15.

nkqubo Gorbachev kaThixo

imigaqo Eminye ukunciphisa kushishino ukuziphendulela le iye iindleko zawo impembelelo. Ukubonakalisa nobudlelwane wobudlelwane yoqoqosho lwehlabathi urhulumente ukunyenyisa kakhulu umthamo imveliso abathwali moya. Ngenxa yokunqongophala iinqanawa ezisekelwe rhoxiso Russian iziphathi-moya waseManzini emva 1987 Uphuhliso Yak-141 iye yaphela.

Ngaphandle koku, imbonakalo Yak-141 yaba linyathelo kakhulu practice aviakonstruktorskoy. moya Russian ne isuka nkqo baba zombane buyafuneka Air Force, kunye yotshintsho ngakumbi Fighters, izazinzulu ubukhulu wayama iziphumo zeminyaka emininzi Yakovlev.

Mig-29 (Fulcrum)

Yayilwa ngu Design Bureau ogama emva A. Mikoyan umlweli Russian yesine-isizukulwana MIG-29 idibanisa iimpawu ilungileyo yokuqhutywa komoya yokulwa izikhali eliphakathi kwaye elifutshane elide.

Ekuqaleni ne isuka nkqo mig yenzelwe kutshabalalisa zonke iintlobo kuko umoya kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu. Igcina ukusebenza kwayo kwiindawo ezinengxolo. Ifakwe oluphezulu lwe turbofan injini, iyakwazi lokuqhankqalaza kubandakanywa iithagethi emhlabeni. Yenzelwe kwi 70s ekuqaleni ', ukuba le yokuqala yaqaphela 1977.

Simple ngokwaneleyo ukuze isebenze. Wangena Air Force ngo-1982, i-Grant-29 yaba umlweli ephambili Russian Air Force. Ukongeza, amazwe-25 Ndithenge ngaphezu moya eliwaka.

Birds waseMelika Prey

Njalo ukukhusela, amaMelika baye baphumelela ekudaleni ukulwa enamandla.

Igama emva intaka edla Harrier wadalwa njenge-moya multi-functional kwaye kulula-zokuhlasela ukuxhasa imikhosi emhlabeni ngomoya imfazwe kunye ingqondo. Ngenxa ukusebenza kwawo kwancamisa sele inikezelwe kwi Navy Spanish ne-Italian.

Waba ngowokuqala eklasini yayo British nkqo ngexesha elinye kunye igqampe umthengisi Siddeley Harrier ngere- wenza Anglo-American ulungise AV-8A Harrier ngo-1978. Umsebenzi kunye nabaqambi mazwe mabini ukuphucula kuyo kwi-isizukulwana yesibini moya Harrier ukuhlasela usapho.

Ngowe-1975, endaweni beza projekthi waphuma eNgilani ngenxa lulungiselele yolawulo ukugcina lwabiwo mali iza kwinkampani McDonnell Douglas. Amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuze ukuguqulwa ngokucokisekileyo AV-8A Harrier wayekelela AV-8B ukulwa.

Oluphuma AV-8B

Ngokusekelwe netheknoloji imifuziselo zangaphambili, AV-8B baye baphumelela ukulungiswa esemgangathweni eklasini. moya bayavuswa, fuselage ngokutsha, amaphiko ziphuculwe ngokongeza indawo injini enye eyongezelelweyo ephiko ngalinye. ngobuciko High izixhobo ke kwakhona ngoko nangoko xa ungena ummandla lokwazisa, ukuba nokwenzeka aphambuke kunokuba ukuya ku-15 m.

Le ndlela yenziwe ngayo nangakumbi ngokubhekiselele ezihamba kunye ngaloo wadala moya isuka ilungileyo nkqo USA. Izixhobo injini nezilungisiweyo Pegasus wenza kube lula ukwenza ukuba le nkqo kunye kokwehla. By the US Corps AV-8B wayedlala ekuqaleni 1985.

Uphuhliso hayi bayekile, yaye kamva imifuziselo AV-8B (NA) kunye AV-8B Harrier II Plus wabonakala izixhobo zokulwa ebusuku. Engaphezulu ekuphuculeni ukufundiswa wenze oko enye abameli ilungileyo moya mpo ngexesha elinye isizukulwana sesihlanu - Harrier III.

Kwi umsebenzi abayili mfutshane ukusuka Soviet kufuneka sisebenze nzima. Le mpumelelo ziye ezifunyenwe yi-baseMerika kuba F-35. imizobo Soviet badlale indima enkulu ekuziseni kwimfezeko emininzi supersonic F-35 kukothuka. Walo mlweli ne isuka nkqo kufanele kamva wangena inkonzo ne-British ne-US Navy.

"Kwendiza". Beyond the kunokwenzeka

Ukuyazi aerobatics kunye neempawu ezizodwa namhlanje ibonisa ukuba abantu abalwa kuphela, kodwa Imikhumbi umkhweli. IBoeing 787 Dreamliner imele widebody amawele-jet umkhweli "iBoeing" isuka nkqo.

IBoeing 787-9 yenzelwe abakhweli 300 uluhlu ngohambo km-14 000. Ukuthatyathwa kwi kwiitoni ezingama-250 i-pilot Farnborough wabonisa iqhinga emangalisayo Ndathatha inqwelo waza isuka nkqo, apho kunokwenzeka kuphela ukulwa. Best-moya ngokukhawuleza kakhulu zalo eziluncedo, imiyalelo ukusithenga nangoko waqalisa ukuba ivela kumazwe kubukho bukaThixo. Malunga nemeko iiyunithi 470 athengiswe ekuqaleni kuka-2016. "IBoeing" kunye ukusuka nkqo yaba indalo umkhweli ekhethekileyo.

Ukuba nokwenzeka moya elandayo

Phezu iprojekthi yophuhliso moya yoluntu kunye isuka nkqo kunye kokwehla, ongazifuniyo site-moya, nabayili Russian zisebenza ngempumelelo. Kusenokuba ngempumelelo ukusebenza kumafutha ezahlukeneyo, ngokusekelwe zombini kumhlaba kunye namanzi.

Kuye uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo:

• unyango olungxamisekileyo;
• kwesimo zasemoyeni;
• kuqhuba imisebenzi yohlangulo;
• abantu basebenzisa ukulungiselela iinjongo zoshishino.

Kwaye iinjongo zabucala kakhulu

Abasebenzisi lingaba khona MES kunye neenkonzo nokuhlangula, amapolisa, iinkonzo zempilo, kwaye umbutho eqhelekileyo zorhwebo.

New andize moya nkqo ekwaziyo ebhabhela kwe-10 km, nokukhawulezisa ku-800 km / h.

Amathuba esi sizukulwana esitsha moya yenzelwe ukuba isetyenziswe nkqu kwizikhewu evalelwe; esixekweni, ehlathini, ukuba kuyimfuneko, nokuba kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Circle, Screw obenziwa moya ezinjalo, ingqalelo indawo kwakhe ukuzala. Liphakamise owadalwa kokutshintsha plane, esebenzisa umoya ovela phezulu, sa phantsi. Ngenxa yoko, i square wadala yi xi yancitshiswa, kwaye phantsi kwawo - landa.

Yayilwa yi mfanekiso kunye ntaka, enyanisweni, ekubeni bayo ethe shinyi ngakumbi kwaye apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko ezahlukeneyo imodeli, iyakwazi ukwenza nkqo ethengiweyo-off, ize ibe zindanda kwindawo enye.

Ukunika War Cold

Impumelelo-moya kulo mzekelo waqinisekisa ukuba iteknoloji kunye moya mpo ngexesha elinye kunokuba luncedo ngokulinganayo kwaye imfuno njengoko iinjongo karhulumente kunye emkhosini.

Xa ixesha le-IMfazwe, imibuso emikhulu ihlabathi zazizimisele ekudaleni iprojekthi yokulwa moya, nto leyo ayifuni zokuchopha eziqhelekileyo. Oku kwakungenxa nokuzikhanyisa sesichengeni bezinto ezinjalo ngezixhobo Aviation ballpen kutshaba. Ukongeza, i-moya yayimane cha qinisekisa ukuba bakhuselwe. Eli xesha ithathwa iqonga ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso imisebenzi aviakonstruktorskoy.

qhinga Western kunye zasekhaya iminyaka 30 ngenkuthalo ziphuculwe VTOL, ukufikelela imfezeko kwi umlweli yesihlanu-ngezizukulwana. Kunye nokusebenzisa ubugcisa ezisisiseko kwaye kuvumela ngeenjongo civil ukusebenzisa uphuhliso lwexesha elide ekhokela abathungi moya ehlabathini.