Abalawuli eSoviet Union ngokulandelelanayo

Umlawuli yokuqala lizwe abatsha yiSoviet, ezivele ngenxa ye-Oktobha Revolution ngowe-1917, waba yintloko RCP (B) - yamaBolshevik Party - ". Revolution yabasebenzi nabalimi" Vladimir Ulyanov (uLenin), ngubani wayephila Bonke abalawuli Soviet emva ahlala isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele we-Central kwiKomiti yombutho, leyo, ukususela 1922, waziwa ngokuba Communist Party - Communist Party eSoviet Union.

Qaphela ukuba inkqubo le ngcinga ukubusa lizwe, wakhanyela ukuba kungenzeka nayiphi na unyulo ethandwayo okanye ukuvota. Ukutshintsha iinkokheli eziphezulu karhulumente babesenza clique elilawulayo okanye emva kokufa ezihlangwini yayo, mhlawumbi ngenxa babhukuqwa, ekhatshwa umzabalazo lwangaphakathi-party nzima. Eli nqaku liza ukudwelisa abalawuli yiSoviet ngokulandelelanayo iphawulwe amanqanaba ezinkulu yobomi amanye amanani ezigqamileyo kwimbali.

Ulyanov (uLenin) uLenin (1870-1924)

Enye amanani abadumileyo kwimbali Soviet Russia. Vladimir Ulyanov ngasemva indalo yayo yaba umququzeleli omnye neenkokeli iziganeko ezaye zakhokelela urhulumente lokuqala ehlabathini. Isihloko kungena Oktobha 1917 yazibandakanya ejoliswe abhukuqe urhulumente lwethutyana, wamiselwa noSihlalo weBhunga Commissars Abantu - njengentloko amazwe amatsha akhiwa ukusuka kwitekisi yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

yokufaneleka kwalo uthathwa sivumelwano uxolo ka-1918 kunye eJamani, eyaphelela inxaxheba Russian kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwakunye nep --nkqubo kaRhulumente New Economic, apho bekufanele ukuba akhokele ilizwe liphuma enzonzobileni yentlupheko kunye nendlala. Bonke abalawuli Soviet ithathwa zii- "Leninists oyinyaniso" yaye ngamandla badumisa Vladimir Ulyanov njenge laseburhulumenteni omkhulu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngoko nangoko emva "xo kunye amaJamani," kwiBolsheviks phantsi kobunkokheli uLenin kaThixo eqatha izothuso nxamnye kombono lwangaphakathi kunye Nelifa tsarism, nto leyo athi izigidi zabantu. nkqubo nep kwakhona mifutshane, lucinyiwe kungekudala emva kokufa kwakhe ngoJanuwari 21, 1924.

Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Stalin (1879-1953)

Iosif Stalin ngowe-1922 waba ayenguNobhala wokuqala CPSU Committee Central. Noko ke, de afe V. I. Lenina, wahlala phezu sibukela bubunkokheli karhulumente, enika indlela ukuthandwa ezinye oogxa bakhe, nabo metivshim abalawuli kwi-USSR. Noko ke, emva kokushiya ihlabathi isigaba ebomini yengqwayi-ngexesha elifutshane Stalin bungaveli abachasi bakhe iphambili, bebatyhola ngokungcatsha neenjongo revolution.

Ngu 1930 waba yinkokheli kuphela abantu kukubethwa usiba ukuba isigqibo isiphelo waka abemi beli lizwe. nkqubo yawo collectivization ngenkani kunye ukuhluthwa, ababeza ukubuyisela nep, yaye ingcinezelo mass nxamnye nabantu abanganelisekanga norhulumente lwangoku, kwabulawa amakhulu amawaka abemi Soviet. Noko ke, ebudeni bolawulo kukaStalin abonakala nomzila nje ngegazi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula izinto ezintle ukhokelo lwakhe. Ekuhambeni nje elifutshane ixesha, eSoviet Union liye laba lizwe kunye uqoqosho wesithathu-enamandla amandla ezoshishino, ukuze aphumelele edabini nxamnye Fascism.

Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uninzi isixeko ngasentshonalanga eSoviet Union, sitshatyalaliswe phantse emhlabeni, zaye kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, kunye nomsebenzi wabo uhola ngempumelelo ngakumbi. Abalawuli eSoviet Union isithuba top emva Iosifa Stalina, wakhanyela indima yakhe ephambili yophuhliso karhulumente lubonakala wobukumkani bakhe nexesha ukunqulwa nobuntu yinkokeli.

Hruschev Nikita Sergeevich (1894-1971)

Ndiphuma kusapho umlimi, N. S. Hruschev wawuqala eqeqesha beqela ngokukhawuleza emva kokufa kukaStalin, nto leyo yenzekile Matshi 5, 1953 Iminyaka wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, wayephila umzabalazo ezinyelisiwe G. M. Malenkovym, wayengusihlalo iBhunga labaPhathiswa kwaye liyi- intloko karhulumente.

Ngowe-1956, Khrushchev afunde kwi ingxelo Twentieth Party Congress ngomhla repressions Stalin kaThixo, umgwebe izenzo ezihlangwini zakhe. wobukumkani kwethuba Nikita Khrushchev yabalasela kuphuhliso lwenkqubo isithuba - ukuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni satellite iisoyi kunye umntu wokuqala vaakelani va. umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe omtsha lwezindlu kuye kwenza abantu abaninzi ukuba zokuhlala emxinwa zoluntu ngendlela obutofotofo zokuphila ezizimeleyo. Izindlu, leyo ezazakhiwe kukuninzi ngexesha, kude kube ngoku abantu kuthiwa "Khrushchev".

Brezhnev Z Ilich (1907-1982)

October 14, 1964 N. S. Hruschev yasuswa iqela lakhe isikhundla weKomiti Central phantsi kobunkokheli L. I. Brezhneva. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali abalawuli imo yiSoviet Union ukuze watshintsha emva kokufa inkokheli, yaye ngenxa yokuba iyelenqe intra-party. Brezhnev era kwimbali Russia yaziwa ngokuba ingxinano. Ilizwe uye wayeka uphuhliso kudlalwa kwaye babe amagunya behlabathi ehamba emva kwabo onke amacandelo, ngaphandle yamajoni kunye nezoshishino.

Brezhnev wathabatha iinzame ezimbalwa ukuphucula ubudlelwane ne-US, ukonakalisa Cuba enomjukujelwa lobunzima ngo-1962, xa N. S. Hruschev wayalela ukufaka imijukujelwa kwi eCuba kunye zikhali. izivumelwano zisayiniwe kunye nenkokheli American, owawenza iingalo ugqatso. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iinzame L. I. Brezhneva ukupholisa meko bawela ayehlasela Afghanistan.

Andropov Yuriy Vladimirovich (1914-1984)

Emva kokufa Brezhnev kaThixo, nengcitho November 10, 1982, yena indawo uYuri Andropov, owakukhupha phambi iKGB - eKGB USSR. Wathabatha ikhosi ye-iinguqu kunye notshintsho amanqwanqwa yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe iphawulwe wakumangalelwa Ukuveza urhwaphilizo ngezangqa zikarhulumente. Noko ke, kaYuri akazange ukuba enze naluphi na utshintsho kubomi karhulumente, ngenxa yokuba iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu kwaye wafa ngoFebruwari 9, 1984.

Chernenko uKonstantin Ustinovich (1911-1985)

NgoFebruwari 13, 1984 wabamba isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele we-Central Committee CPSU. Waqhubeka ipolisi ezihlangwini zakhe ukubhentsisa urhwaphilizo kwizikhundla amandla. Yena waye wagula kakhulu waza wafa -10 Matshi 1985, emva kokuchitha ofisi iphakamileyo zoluntu kule nje konyaka. Bonke abalawuli Soviet lwangaphambili ukuze, rhoqo kurhulumente, bangcwatyelwa udonga yesicelo, kunye K. nakwimiVo Chernenko yaba lokugqibela kuluhlu.

Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich (1931)

M. S. Gorbachev waziwa kakhulu wezopolitiko Russian zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini emva kwexesha. Waphumelela uthando nokuthandwa kwi-West, kodwa abemi belizwe lakhe, wobukumkani bakhe iimvakalelo ezimbini. Ukuba baseYurophu kunye amaMelika wambiza kuye wenguquko enkulu, abahlali abaninzi bathi umonakalisi Russian eSoviet Union. Gorbachev wathi inguqu kwezekhaya lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, esenzeka phantsi kwesigwagwiso of "Perestroika, Glasnost, Khawuleza!", Nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yokunqongophala omkhulu ukutya nempahla mveliso, intswela yawa amazinga okuphila.

Bathi ixesha wokulawula M. S. Gorbacheva waba neziphumo ezibi kuphela kubomi belizwe lethu, bekuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo. ERashiya, iingqiqo kwenkqubo lentlaninge, inkululeko yenkolo kunye namaphephandaba. Ngexesha yobuqhokolo bakhe basemzini Gorbachev wawongwa Nobel Peace Prize. Abalawuli USSR neRashiya, nokuba ngaphambi okanye emva kokuba uMikhail Sergeyevich akazange afumane ilungelo elinjalo.