Trans-Siberian Railway: uphuhliso, ixabiso. Iindlela ukuphucula ukusebenza

Kwalula kwinkulungwane yokugqibela Trans-Siberian Railway udlula lonke eli lizwe kwaye kanga ukuba inxalenye yaseYurophu eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. Le ndlela kaloliwe exhobele kakuhle kangangenkulungwane kota, yeyona kaloliwe isebe engundoqo yaseRashiya.

Qala of zokwakha

Isigqibo malunga nokwakhiwa umzila kaloliwe eSiberia kwi mali likanondyebo yenziwa ngurhulumente tsarist kwi-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane XIX. Ngowe-1887 Uhambo ezintathu ahlelwa ukuba bafune iindawo zokwakha yemoto phantsi kwe South-Ussuri, West kunye Central Siberian zamanzi Railway. Qala zolwakhiwo akhawunti kaloliwe Trans-eSiberia iminyaka 90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Isigqibo sokuba aqhube umsebenzi ekwakhiweni Enkulu Siberian Indlela wenziwa ebusika-1891, umsebenzi wokwakha waqalisa macala mabini - ukusuka Vladivostok kuhlala eChelyabinsk.

Eyona engundoqo izigaba ngokubekwa

Wakha kaloliwe Trans-eSiberia, ithemba uphuhliso apho ngoku ngokubanzi kwizigaba ezininzi:

1. 1893 - Ukwakhiwa kwendlela ukusuka OB kuMlambo Irkutsk.

2. 1894 - ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa wendlela North Ussuri.

3. 1897 - ekuqaleni kwamagqabi la.

4. 1898 - wafumana umhlaba evela OB ukuya Krasnoyarsk.

5. 1900 - Isigqibo malunga nokwakhiwa i sama-zamanzi Railway.

6. 1906 - kuqhutywa uphando kwi iyabala Amur zokurhafisa.

7. 1911 - ukwakhiwa site Galathia Ibandla - p. Kuhla nge sesebe Blagoveshchensk.

8. 1916 - kokugunyaziswa ibhulorho ngaphesheya Amur koMlambo.

Ubude esikhulu Trans-Siberian sikaloliwe sele ngaloo minyaka kusebenze ukuba kwemithambo zezithuthi kweli lizwe. Kodwa ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, imeko kwendlela entsha, ngelishwa, zimbi kakhulu. Kuye kuphe- watshisa a lot of kwo. Ngamaxesha athile wabatshabalalisa iimoto kunye zikaloliwe. Ngoko nangoko emva kwemfazwe, nangona kunjalo, siye saqalisa umsebenzi wokubuyisela ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ngexesha lasebusika 1924-1925,., Umzekelo, Amur ibhulorho wabuyiselwa. kumgca movement yaqala ngo-1925 kwaye baqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa unanamhla.

Trans-Siberian sikaloliwe ngexesha lethu

Imbali kwelentshona ye-Siberia kaloliwe lizele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo impumelelo. Kumaxesha Soviet, indlela aza kuphuhliswa kwaye igqalwa All-yokwakha iprojekthi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Trans-Siberian Railway ngomnye bakwaloliwe komhlaba inamandla ehlabathini. ERashiya, athwala ngaphezu kwe-50% kuzo zonke ehambayo kunye ukuthunyelwa kwempahla. Transsiberian i track umbane umgca kabini, baxhotyisiwe iindlela zale mihla zonxibelelwano kunye nolwazi. umgca izixhobo Technical unako ukwenza ngaphezu kwezigidi 100 iitoni imithwalo ngonyaka ngamnye ngesantya eliphezulu ngokuvunywe-90 km / h.

Izinto eziluncedo ze-line, ngaphandle nantoni na enye, na ukungabikho imfuneko phi imida. Ngelishwa, umthamo wendlela kwiminyaka yakutshanje aqala ukuncipha. Kwaye ke ithetha ukuba kufuneka ngokwale mihla.

Kwelentshona ye-line features: ubude yomendo, okugqiba

Ubude iyonke Trans phecana imalunga-10 amawaka. Km. Okwangoku, oko ke umendo mde ehlabathini. Xa sisonke ise izixeko 87, 14 ezo amaziko zengingqi.

Kwiindawo bakhonza ngendlela buzinze 80% ye kwamashishini industrial karhulumente kunye isiseko lwezibonelelo zendalo. Esebenzisa Tranassib wabeka malunga 30 iindlela koololiwe nempahla kwizithuba ngamazwe kunye lwangaphakathi. AL-high speed yinxalenye uhambo kule ndlela, yona ukuqhubeka uthungelwano kaloliwe European, ukusuka eMoscow ukuya Vladivostok ziintsuku-6.

Trans-Siberian Railway, ithemba uphuhliso nto leyo ngokusondeleyo ekukhuleni jikelele amandla yelizwe yezoqoqosho, kumazwekazi ezimbini: Europe (19.1% endleleni) kunye Asia (80.9%). Xa iyonke iye kwizikhululo 1852.

iimeko zendalo Trans-Siberian Railway kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene

Oku kwavula indlela kwendlela yonke imimandla zemozulu: emathafeni, emathafeni entlango, hlathi. Inxalenye line kumantla kunabela kwindawo yokothula permafrost (umz, kufuphi Lake zamanzi). Iingxaki ezinxulumene nabasebenzi kaloliwe kufuneka enze ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• ingozi amatye yehla ukusuka Amathambeka iinyikima zomhlaba kwiindawo ezintabeni;

• imfuneko yokuhamba unonophelo rhoqo kubanda kakhulu kwiindawo sezulu yelizwekazi;

• imfuneko ngenkonzo inani elikhulu imizila;

• iindlela zokulinganisa njalo permafrost;

• ukukulungela zokulungisa iimpembelelo izikhukula yasentwasahlobo.

Ngaloo ndlela, iimeko endalo Trans-Siberian Railway kungathathwa entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Ukoyisa imiphumo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo Iziporo kufuneka achithe kakhulu imali eninzi.

uphuhliso

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi iimpahla ukusuka lizwe empumalanga kuye entshonalanga ithuthwa ngolwandle. kwiinkampani zezithuthi Water va abadla bodwa, ngoko ke, ngokufuthi angenasihlahla, yenyuse amaxabiso iinkonzo zabo. Ngenxa yoko, amaKristu amaninzi Trans-Siberia kaloliwe kubonwa nje okunye okuhle kwizithuthi elwandle.

Kule nkalo, i-Government of the Russian Federation, kunye nolawulo Railways Russian, iphuhlise isethi amanyathelo ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni zento izakhono ngendlela ebalulekileyo enjalo, njengoko Trans-Siberian Railway. Amathuba nophuhliso kokuba ugqibe ikakhulu ingqikelelo owamkelweyo g / d emikhulu eRashiya ukuya ku-2030, kuphela 2015 ngenxa yotshintsho iindlela sele echithe engange nezigidi eziyi-50. De-2030, i-Trans-Siberian Railway icetyelwe ukudala iimeko okuhle ukuhanjiswa isikhongozeli kunye umkhweli noololiwe ezizodwa. Ukongeza, iBhunga yokuLungelelanisa of Russian ingqiqo yendlela Railways iphuhliswe endleleni zethuba elifikelela ku-2020, nto leyo inika:

• ngamaxabiso amahle imveliso;

• engaphezulu ekuphuculeni ukufundiswa lombutho kwezithuthi;

• ekuphuculeni umgangatho wenkonzo;

• uphuhliso ubugcisa kunika ingcaciso malunga nendawo nobume kwempahla ngexesha lenene;

• ukwandisa imveliso ye amazibuko ngasentshona ngasempumalanga lizwe;

• ukudala amaziko Freyistata mihla kunye t. d.

Development ngo-2016

iimpawu Jikelele Trans-Siberian Railway nokugweba njengoko kaloliwe nathembisayo kwilizwe lethu namhlanje. Ekuqaleni kuka-2016 sele liphumeze iseti amanyathelo ejolise umbane imigca ebhasini, kuvuselelwa iibhulorho, amatonela kunye nezikhululo ezinkulu. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe iipaseji zophuhliso Primorye Primorye-1 no-2, kwakunye nombutho yonxibelelwano ngqo phakathi Korea kunye Russian Federation.

Iindlela ukuphucula ukusebenza

Ubude esikhulu Trans-aseSiberia Railway, ngelishwa, akuthethi alo bandwidth elungileyo. Le ntlekele iye yaba nefuthe elibi zonke ngaphandle amanqanaba Ngaphandle kuqoqosho, kuquka izithuba zikaloliwe. Ngoko ke, ngokubhekiselele kwimiba lombutho ingqalelo ngalo mzuzu nje kukwandisa olukhupha umthamo esiqu. Ngelo xesha eyenziweyo imisebenzi ejoliswe kakhulu:

• ukuphelisa le ngxaki lokuvuna mbilini iimoto zabucala ukusuka kwiindlela zoluntu;

• etsala utyalo-mali labucala kwiziseko zophuhliso ezisendleleni;

• ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo imo ngamnye zezithuthi ababandakanyekayo nenqwelwana.

Ngoko ke, lo kaloliwe ephambili, ngokwemeko imarike yehlabathi kwilizwe amathemba eziphakamileyo lethu - lo Trans-Siberian Railway. Amathuba nophuhliso njengeyona ndlela iphambili kwizithuthi emanzini okwangoku ebanzi ngokungaqhelekanga. Kulo mzekelo, imisebenzi ephambili zithathwa ukunciphisa ixesha ukuhamba kwempahla kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wenkonzo abakhweli kunye nabo.