S-125 "Neva": uyilo, iimpawu yokusebenza, ukuguqulwa

S-125 "Neva" - inkqubo enomjukujelwa anti-moya (ADMS), elifutshane-umqolo, ziveliswe kwi-USSR. Uguqulelo kwamanye amazwe ye zakhiwo ebizwa ngokuba "Pechora". Xa ukuhlelwa NATO, ibizwa ngokuba i-SA-3 Goa. Ngomhla iingalo USSR zakhiwo wavunywa ngo 1961. Umphuhlisi ephambili SAM wenza NPO "Almaz" ogama Raspletina. Namhlanje siza sijonga imbali SAM "Neva" kunye neenkcukacha zayo.

indaba

inkqubo enomjukujelwa ukuziphendulela Air yaba yinxalenye ukuziphendulela USSR kwaye eyenzelwe ukukhusela kweziseko mveliso kunye wamajoni neempembelelo naluphi na uhlobo ngendlela yokuhlasela lomoya, eziphaphazelayo eliphakathi kwaye ephantsi ezise e. Kungangena bomber, abalwa, moya emininzi imijukujelwa imikhumbi kunye nokusebenza ukusasazeka ezingaphezu kwe-0.2 m ^2.

Development yaqala kwi SAM NGO "Diamond" ngo-1956 ukuphendula ekuyilweni moya, olusebenza ngempumelelo kwiindawo ezise eliphantsi. I-technical task yokuyila ithuba ezintsonkothileyo wayebonisa ukuba Nokwethisa iithagethi eziphaphazelayo nomphakamo 0.2 ukuya kwezi-5 km, ngexesha ezininzi ukusuka kweekilometa eziyi-6 ukuya kwezili-10 ngesantya ka-1500 km / h. Xa iseti yokuqala zovavanyo mna ukusebenza kunye 5V24 rocket. Le ababili kwaphumelela ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke umsebenzi yenziwa imfuneko - ukuze silungise le 5V27 enomjukujelwa entsha, nobunye kunye ulwandle "nokulatyuza ezintsonkothileyo. Esi sisombululo siye ngcono iimpawu yokusebenza (iimpawu yokusebenza) le nkqubo. Ngowe-1961, eli bhotwe kwamkelwa, phantsi isiqu S-125 "Neva".

Kwixesha elizayo, xa inkqubo sele awuzange uguqulwe. amalungu ayo kuquka izixhobo ukujongana ukuphazamiseka GSHM, iithagethi phambi kwesiphazamiso PRR, ukuchonga, ulawulo olululo, ngokunjalo ukufakela lwangaphandle isalathiso SRP. Ngenxa impucuko kuyilo, SAM wakwazi Nokwethisa iithagethi ukuba kumgama ukuya ayi-17.

Ngowe-1964, uguqulelo maxesha lwe SAM yamkelwa phantsi igama S-125 "Neva-M". Uguqulelo ukuthunyelwa lofakelo ebizwa ngokuba "Pechora". Ukususela ngowe-1969 baqala ukunikeza ezintsokothileyo kumazwe Warsaw iSivumelwano. emva nje konyaka, ukuze enzelelele S-125 yaqala kwamanye amazwe, afana Afghanistan, Angola, Algeria, Hungary, Bulgaria, India, Korea, Cuba, Yugoslavia, Ethiopia, Peru, eSiriya, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwangokunjalo 1964 kwiingalo yamkelwa 5V27 enomjukujelwa eziphuhlileyo ICD "itotshi.

Ngowe-1980, bangxamele yesibini kunye yokugqibela kwanokuphucula ezintsonkothileyo. Njengenxalenye Ukuphuculwa abayili banikela:

1. Guqulela station imijukujelwa isikhokelo kwiziko ledatha digital elemental.
2. Ukuphumeza decoupling enomjukujelwa kunye ekujoliswe amajelo ngokuthi ekuqhubeni kwizitishi ulawulo ezimbini. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba kwandiswe uluhlu ezona imijukujelwa ukoyiswa ayi-42, ngokusebenzisa indlela ye "preemption ngokupheleleyo."
3. Ukusebenzisa channel ukucima homing.

Ngenxa neenkxalabo ukuba kuhlaziywe "Neva" ukuthintela imveliso entsha S-300P ochazwe izindululo ziye zabukulwa. Okwangoku, inguqulelo ye zakhiwo, ezafumana ukwalathelwa C-125-2, okanye "Pechora-2".

isakhiwo

Le nkqubo ibandakanya inkqubo air zokhuselo enomjukujelwa, kwaye umphezulu-to-air enomjukujelwa uphawulo zobugcisa ithetha.

SAM kuquka izinto ezifana:

1. Radar (RLS) SNR125M yokulandela ekujoliswe nokhokelo imijukujelwa kuwo. Radar ibekwe ezirhuqwayo ezimbini. Enye i UNK ulawulo ekharejini ndaze kwezinye - eriyali post. SNR125M isebenza radar kunye imijelo yomabonakude inkxaso, ngeendlela manual okanye oluzenzekelayo. Isikhululo kufakwa oluzenzekelayo isixhobo yokuqala APP-125, nto leyo ichaza imida indawo uchaphazelekayo womGaqo imijukujelwa, kwakunye uququzelelo ye ngexabiso kunye nenjongo yentlanganiso. Ukongeza, ugqiba ukuqala umsebenzi.
2. Enomjukujelwa ibhetri, equka izindululi ezine imifuziselo 5P73, nganye kuzo lixhotyiswe imijukujelwa 4.
3. inkqubo yonikezelo yamandla eyenziwa diesel-zombane izitishi lonikezelo kunye ndlwana.

isikhokelo

Zakhiwo irubhrikhi-ezimbini nabangatshatanga-channel enomjukujelwa kwi kwethagethi. Utshaba into inakho icholwa imijukujelwa nje emibini. Ukongezelela, kunye zane kungenziwa eziqhutshwa radars ukuze bangabonwa kunye targeting, imodeli P-12 okanye P-15. imali Complex ibekwa semi-trailer ezirhuqwayo, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo nge iintambo.

Isisombululo sale ngxaki, njengoko ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo enomjukujelwa ophantsi kwendawo, ezifunwa abayili izisombululo ezingaqhelekanga. Nantsi ke imbangi yale imbonakalo angaqhelekanga fakelo eriyali.

Ukubetha ithagethi, apho kumgama-10 km kwaye ibhabha ngesantya ka-420 m / s, nomphakamo m 200, kuyimfuneko ukuba kusungula enomjukujelwa ngalo mzuzu xa ekujoliswe imi kumgama km 17. A bamba nokulandela ekujoliswe ukuqala kwaphela kumgama km 24. Kulo mzekelo, uluhlu efumanise ekujoliswe kwendawo enjalo ephantsi kufuneka ibe ukusuka 32 35 km ngenxa ngexesha efunekayo dopoisk. Kule meko, i-engile kwesithuba ekujoliswe ngexesha ubhaqo kuphela 0,3 °, kwaye ngokuthwala autofollow - malunga ne-0,5 °. Kwi engile ezincinane ezinjalo uphawu radar kubonakala ukusuka kwisikhululo isikhokelo emhlabeni ingaphezulu uphawu kubonakala ukusuka target. Ukunciphisa le ndlela, C-125 kuthwala kunye neenkqubo ezimbini eriyali. Eyokuqala kuzo - akukho iskeniwe, ukuba unoxanduva ukwamkela ekudluliseleni. Nowesibini - Skena - yenza ulwamkelo kuphela.

Xa usebenza undizela ephantsi sikhupha eriyali iseti 1 °. Ngaloo ndlela samaza irradiates phezu komhlaba kuphela isithinzi icala idayagramu eriyali. Oku kunciphisa uphawu kubonakala ukusuka inqwaba emhlabeni amaxesha. Ukunciphisa le impazamo yokulandelela ekujoliswe ezinxulumene lubandakanywe nezenzo "specular vangama" (imele uphazamiseko phakathi imiqondiso ngqo kunye multipath ukusuka ekujoliswe emhlabeni), i babini bafumane eriyali iinqwelomoya zijikeleziswe yi-45 ° ukuya tye. Ngenxa yale post-eriyali SAM kwaye uzuza inkangeleko kwayo.

Enye ingxaki ezinxulumene iyenzeka eziphaphazelayo utshaba ekujoliswe, - ulwakhiwo Mti (ihamba isibonisi ekujoliswe), nto leyo ngempumelelo ikheswa uphawu ekujoliswe, phakathi mbongi enamandla ukusuka emhlabeni, ukubonakalisa lonke uhlobo icocekile. Ukuze oku kube zadalwa cherezperiodnoe bafundisise yi isixhobo osebenza kwi UDL (imigca ukulibaziseka cuke) okuqinileyo.

Iparameters elikhankanyiweyo Mti ubukhulu becala igqithe parameters zonke radar pre-ekhoyo ukusebenza kunye radiation idaleka. Kwezithandani yengxolo ezivela njengezinto nje ifikelela 33-36 dB. Ukuze ukuzinzisa amaxesha iphinda pulses zokuhlola, lo synchronizer wayethimb kumgca ukulibaziseka kulo. Kamva ke kanti lo sigqibo yenye ezingalunganga lejelo, njengoko kwenza kube nzima ukuba Ukutshintsha amaza ukuphindaphinda ingoma kude ingxolo uyibona. Ukuze ukunciphisa jamming inkqubo jump samaza frequency linikiwe, okwenzeka apho uphazamiso idlula kwinqanaba kwangaphambili.

device imizili

Umphezulu-to-air enomjukujelwa (SAM) 5V27 yaqulunqa ICD "itotshi", yaba linyathelo-ezimbini wakha phezu kuqwalaselo "idada" ashukimisayo. Isigaba sokuqala sale rocket siquka rocket booster eqinileyo; ekwenzeni ezine imenyu emva kokuqala; kanye pair of airfoils zicwangciswe gumbi nokuxhuma kuyimfuneko ekunciphiseni isantya moya emva namafutha izigaba candelo. Ngoko nangoko emva livelise amanyathelo phantsi kwezi imiphezulu na, obuquka ujikelezo enzima, umsantsa ukuzinza consoles yaye ekugqibeleni elekhtrons namafutha kunye ukuwa kwayo okwalandela phithi.

Isigaba sesibini SAM unalo injini eqinileyo-propellant. design layo ngumxube uthotho amagumbi, nto leyo iza kuba kuyo: iiyunithi Control, fuze, ukulwa ukuqhekeka ophezulu-iziqhushumbisi ze-on-ibhodi izixhobo, iimoto kunye nolawulo receiver imiyalelo.

flight ulawulo umendo umjukujelwa nokhokelo wayo kujoliswe ikhutshwa phandle ngokusebenzisa ulawulo irediyo, wakhonza kunye isikhokelo radar emhlabeni. Ukujongelwa phantsi warhead kwenzeka xa esondela enomjukujelwa ukuya utshaba ekujoliswe kwi umgama efanelekileyo alawulwa radio iqela iifyuzi. Kwakhona ukujongelwa phantsi Iqela kwisikhululo nkongomiso kunokwenzeka.

Ukuqala ukoritel iqhuba imizuzwana ezimbini ukuya kwezine, yaye uhamba - ukuya kwimizuzwana eyi-20. wawufuna ixesha umjukujelwa self-intshabalalo, - 49. Omninzi noTsure zenzeke yi iiyunithi 6. Umjukujelwa isebenza ngendlela ebanzi uluhlu ubushushu - ukusuka - ° 40 ukuya + 50 ° C.

Xa axhobe imijukujelwa ngokuba sithathwe-601P, le abayili waqalisa ukusebenza ekuxhotyisweni kwinkqubo enomjukujelwa anti-moya. Ezi ngxaki ziquka ezi nguqu zilandelayo: iithagethi neziqhushumbisi ihamba ngesantya ukuya ku-2500 km / h, boyiswa transonic (ehamba ngesantya kufutshane kwisantya isandi) kwiithagethi kwintaba ephakame-18 km, kwakunye nokwanda okukwazi ingxolo kunye namathuba hit.

zokulungisa imizili

Kuphuhliso zokuguqulwa ezinjalo imijukujelwa zadalwa kwezobuchwepheshe:

1. 5V27G. Isalathisi "T" imela "uphawu '.
2. 5V27GP. "P" index ibonisa ukuhla ukoyiswa kufutshane nomda ukuya km 2.7.
3. 5V27GPS. Index "C" ibonisa ubukho iyunithi lokukhetha, ukunciphisa amathuba amanyathelo oluzenzekelayo xa uphawu fuze ukubonakaliswa evela emaphandleni ajikelezileyo.
4. 5V27GPU. Kwisalathiso "Y" kuthetha ukuba kukho prelaunch olukhawulezisiweyo. Ukunciphisa ixesha yokulungiselela kuzuzwa isicelo izixhobo ekwinqwelo ukusuka ombane aphezulu unikezelo lwamandla, xa imo prelaunch lokushushubeza izixhobo. Equipment prelaunch akhiwe UNK ndlwana, naye wafumana uhlaziyo engqinelanayo.

Zonke iinguqulelo kancinane of imijukujelwa eziveliswa kule laseKirov inombolo mveliso 32. Uqeqesho ezizodwa abasebenzi nomnye yezityalo eziveliswa nangobunzima, noqhekeko neemodeli kwezemfundo imijukujelwa.

qala amagalelo

Oku kuphehlelelwa kuqhutywa ukususela isindululi (DB) imodeli 5P73, nto leyo uyacengeka ekuphakameni kunye azimuth. Chetyrehbalochnaya umndululi uthuthwa sayilelwa e KB SM phantsi kobunkokheli BS Korobov. Ngaphandle isisu semoto gazootrazhateley oko kuthuthwa yi yaz-214 imoto.

Xa edubula ekujoliswe ezisezantsi-flying yokuqala ubuncinane engile umjukujelwa ukuya ° 9. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukhukuliseko lomhlaba ehlabathini umndululi multi-somhlathi setyhula wama- ukutyabeka yerabha-metal. DB ubekwe icala xa series kunye oomatshini ezimbini lothutho ugcwalisa, wakha phezu isiseko ZIL-131 kunye ZIL-157 kunye uphume lekhamera.

Isikhululo soMbane lwaqhutywa usebenzisa iselula sombane sikagesi, shelwe ngasemva erhuqwayo. Izikhululo ingqondo kwaye kujoliswe of P-uhlobo kunye P-12 NM 15 swi imithombo amandla elizenzekelayo-BP-10-T230.

Ubuzwe-moya emiselwe ngemibuzo radar.

kwempucuko

Xa ebutsheni boo-1970, anti-moya enomjukujelwa complex "Neva" iye yala maxesha. Ukuphucula izixhobo radar ukuba omzimba yengxolo emehlweni iinjongo kunye nolawulo rocket. Ngenxa kwintshayelelo kwezixhobo, "sekharethi-2" ezilungiselelwe emehlweni umabonakude-enombala nenkxaso, ithuba lokuba ahambe kwaye ngemibuzo ekujoliswe utshaba ngaphandle radiation radar kungena ezithile. Ukutshintshela target channel samaza asithwale isithuba eriyali. Umsebenzi moya uphazamisana waye kakhulu lwaphelisa enikiweyo ukubonakala ezibonwayo.

Ngelo xesha nye kwaba kwisiteshi abalibona woqondo kunye nobuthathaka. Xa iimeko ezinamafu, kwaye xa kujongwa kwicala kwelanga okanye ubukho nesikhanyisi esingesiso zixhonywe utshaba moya, ubuchule ijelo kunciphisa kakhulu. Ukongeza, emehlweni indlela umabonakude-ezamehlo ukunika umqhubi izityalo malunga nenjongo uluhlu lweenkcukacha. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okuba iindlela ngokukhetha nokhokelo kwanciphisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo iinjongo isantya ukuhlasela.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini 70 S-125 wafumana izixhobo, ukwandisa ukwanela ukusetyenziswa kwayo xa zokudubula ekujoliswe ihamba undizela ephantsi, kwakunye ekujoliswe emhlabeni kunye komhlaba. Kwakhona, umjukujelwa silungiswe 4V27D yadalwa, nto leyo yandisa airspeed ukuba bathi kufuneka ekujoliswe 'emsileni ". ubude enomjukujelwa anda, yaye ingqimba landile ukuya kwiitoni 0,98. Heavy SAM launcher ityala oonina-3. Meyi 3, 1978 amisiweyo S-125M1 kunye 5V27D version ngokusesikweni ziye zamkelwe.

iinguqulelo

Ekuhambeni zokuguqulwa ezintsonkothileyo Ezi nguqu zilandelayo zaye zenziwa.

Kuba ukuziphendulela USSR:

1. S-125 "Neva". version Basic nge 5V24 enomjukujelwa isukela phezulu ukuya km 16.
2. S-125M "Neva-M". Eli bhotwe efunyenweyo 5V27 imijukujelwa yaye banda km 22 mgama.
3. C-125M1 "Neva-M1." Ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kuguqulelo "M" lenyuka okukwazi ingxolo kunye imijukujelwa ezintsha 5V27D kunye nokwenzeka uhlaselo befuna.

Kuba Soviet Navy:

1. M-1 "Wave". Zamob analogu inguqulelo ye-C-125.
2. M-1m "Wave-M." Zamob analogu inguqulelo ye-C-125M.
3. M-1P "P-amaza". Zamob analogu inguqulelo ye-C-152M1, kongezwe Telesystems 9SH33.
4. M-1H. "Wave-H". Esi sakhiwo ijolise yokulwa RCC ephantsi-eziphaphazelayo.

Kwamanye amazwe:

1. "Pechora". version Rhweba ye SAM "Neva".
2. "Pechora-M." Ekuthumeleni ngobuwena SAM "Neva-M".
3. "Pechora-2m". version Rhweba ye SAM "Neva-M1."

S-125 "Pechora-2m" isekhona efumaneka kwamanye amazwe.

iimpawu

iimpawu Basic yamacebo zobugcisa i-SAM "Neva":

1. Range lahluleka zasezintabeni - 0,02-18 km.
2. uluhlu benani ukoyiswa - 11-18 km, kuxhomekeka kwindawo ephakamileyo.
3. Amathuba betha eyodwa target irula - 0.25.
4. Autolock ixesha Tracking ekujoliswe - 8.
5. Indlela yokuqhuba ishishini isixhobo ukuqala imo - semi-automatic.
6. Generating data ixesha - 7.
7. Liqikelele indawo intlanganiso accuracy - 1.5-3 km.
8. Umgama phakathi indawo iziko kunye ndlwana wolawulo - 20 m.
9. Umgama phakathi ndlwana kunye zokuqalisa umsebenzi wolawulo - 70 m.
10. ubude enomjukujelwa - 5948 mm.
11. Ubukhulu be 1st ibakala rocket - 552 mm.
12. Ubukhulu be nqanaba 2 rocket - 379mm.
13. Ukuqalisa imijukujelwa ubunzima - 980 kg.
14. Le izikhali Isantya moya - up to 730 m / s.
15. esiphezulu ngesantya kuvumelekile kobekujoliswe - 700 m / s.
16. Ubunzima a enomjukujelwa - 72 kg.

ukuxhaphaza

SAM-125 uluhlu ephantsi ezisetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo ungquzulwano zomkhosi uhlobo lendawo. Ngowe-1970, 40 ithathele of "Neva" kunye nabasebenzi Soviet waya eYiputa. Apho ke, ngokukhawuleza yaba nempumelelo. In Soviet SAM 16 firings kunkqonkqoza nezonakeleyo 9 3 moya wakwaSirayeli. Emva koko, Suez kuthula.

Ngowe-1999, ngethuba NATO uchuku yiYugoslavia, i-S-125 lokugqibela lisetyenziswa kwi edabini. Ngu ekuqaleni impi yiYugoslavia iye 14 S-125 iibhetri kunye izindululi 60. Abanye babo zixhotyiswe kunye neekhamera kamabonakude kunye laser rangefinders, elathi kumlilo imijukujelwa ngaphandle wokukhomba. Noko ke, ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo ezisetyenziswa eYugoslavia iye phantsi ngenxa yokuba Akunguye ngexesha umyalelo iphelelwe kwaye ifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo. Uninzi imijukujelwa asetyenziswe ukwakhiwa S-125, ubomi eyintsalela kwaba zero.

electronic zokumelana iindlela imikhosi NATO iye yaba nempumelelo kakhulu kokuyaphula iinkqubo imizili Russian. Zilwe-ukulungele phambi kokuphela ungquzulwano kwakukho kuphela ezimbini ithathele abasibhozo S-125, ezisebenzela kummandla eBelgrade. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka, "Neva" amaqela basebenzisa radar lwabo imizuzwana 23-25. Eli xesha lokuphumla yaye ibalwa abasebenzi ilahleko yokuqala xa sijamelene NATO anti-radar imijukujelwa ABANAKUSITSHABALALISA. Izibalo lweenkqubo enomjukujelwa kwafuneka uyoyiswa kushenxa ofihlakeleyo, kokuthabatha utshintsho rhoqo kwezithuba kunye sokudubula 'yokulalela. " Ngenxa yoko, i-S-125, TTC oko ngokutsha, sakwazi ukudubula phantsi umlweli American F-117.