Ziyintoni na iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni? Iintlobo zeenkwenkwezi, iimpawu zazo

Ngeso lesiso esibhakabhakeni ngobusuku obungenanga inyanga kwaye kude kude nesixeko ungabona inani elikhulu leenkwenkwezi. Ngokuncediswa kwe-telescope, unako ukugcina ezinye izikhanyiso. Izixhobo zobungcali zivumela ukuba ufumane umbala wabo kunye nobukhulu, kunye nokukhanya. Umbuzo "zithini iinkwenkwezi?" Kwangexesha elide kwimbali yeenkwenkwezi yahlala enye yeyona nkxalabo. Nangona kunjalo, isisombululo. Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziyazi ukuba i-Sun kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi zibandakanya kunye nendlela iparameter yatshintsha ngayo kwiimvelo ze-cosmic.

Indlela

Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zafunda ukujonga ukubunjwa kwezikhanyiso kuphela phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX. Kwakuloo ndlela ukuhlalutya kweembonakaliso kubonakala kwi-arsenal yabaphandi beendawo. Le ndlela isekelwe kwiipropathi zee-atom zeempawu ezahlukeneyo ukuphuma nokufumana ukukhanya kwii-freonencies ezichazwe ngokucacileyo. Ngako oko, i-spectrum ibonisa amabhinqa amnyama kunye namabala aphantsi komhlaba, uphawu lwezinto ezikhoyo.

Imithombo eyahlukeneyo yokukhanya ingahlukaniswa kwipatheni yokunyuselwa kunye nelayini. Uhlalutyo lwentsebenziswano lusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukujonga ukubunjwa kweenkwenkwezi. Idatha yakhe inceda abaphandi baqonde ezininzi iinkqubo ezenzekayo kwizikhanyiso kwaye azifinyeleleki ukubonisana ngqo.

Yintoni inkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni iquka?

Ilanga kunye nezinye izikhanyiso zitshisa kakhulu iibhola zegesi. Ienkwenkwezi zibandakanya kakhulu i-hydrogen ne-helium (73 no-25%, ngokulandelanayo). Sekunjalo malunga ne-2% yexabiso eliwela kwizinto ezinzima: i-carbon, i-oksijeni, izitya kunye njalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiplanethi zamandulo kunye neenkwenkwezi ziyaziwa zizinto ezifanayo kunye nomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukungafani kwimiba ethile, ubuninzi bezinto kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi zivelisa ukuhlukahluka kwamalungu e-cosmic ekhoyo.

Kwimeko yokukhanya, iinjongo eziphambili zohlukwano phakathi kweentlobo zazo zininzi kwaye ezo zi-2% zezinto, ezinzima kune-helium. Ukuxinwa kwamanani okugqibela okubizwa ngokuba yi-metallicity in astronomy. Ubukhulu bale parameter lunceda ukugqiba iminyaka yobude beenkwenkwezi kunye nekamva layo.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

"Ukuzaliswa" kweenkwenkwezi akusabalalisi phezu kweGalaxy ngenxa yemimoya yokunyanzelisa. Bakhona negalelo ekuhanjisweni kwezinto kwizakhiwo zangaphakathi zezikhanyiso ngendlela ethile. Ephakathi, kwinqanaba, zonke izitye ziyaxhamaza (kwi-astronomy, nayiphi na into ebaluleke kunokuba i-helium ibizwa). Inkwenkwezi yenziwa kwifu lomhlaba kunye negesi. Ukuba kuphela i-helium ne-hydrogen zikhona kuyo, ngoko ke iifom zokuqala ziyintloko, kwaye yesibini-igobolondo. Ngomzuzwana xa ubunzima bufikelele kwizinga elibucayi, ukuphendulwa kwentshakliya kuqala kwaye inkwenkwezi ikhanya.

Izizukulwana ezintathu zeenkwenkwezi

Iinuclei, eziquka kuphela i-helium, zinezikhanyiso zokuqala zezizukulwana (nazo zibizwa ngokuba ziinkwenkwezi zabemi III). Bakhelwe ixesha elithile emva kweBig Bang kwaye babonakaliswa ngobukhulu obufana neengqungquthela zemiqolo yamandulo. Kwinkqubo yoqhagamshelwano, ezinye izakhi (izitye) zenziwa kancane kancane emathunzini abo kwi-helium. Ienkwenkwezi ezinjalo zaphelisa ubomi babo ngokuqhuba kwi-supernova. Izinto ezihlanganiswe ngazo, zaba zixhobo zokwakha kwezi zikhanyiso ezilandelayo. Kwienkwenkwezi kwisizukulwana sesibini (isibalo sesi-II), isicatshulwa esiphantsi sinobuphawu. Umncinci wezona zikhanyiso eziziwa namhlanje zizahlulo sesithathu. Inani labo libandakanya ilanga. Ubungqina bezo zikhanyiso lukhokelo oluphezulu lwentsimbi xa kuthelekiswa nabaphambili. Ienkwenkwezi ezincinane zazingakhange zifumaniswe ngabaososayensi, kodwa zingathembeka ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ziza kubonakalisa ubungakanani obukhulu beli pharamitha.

Iparameter echaza

Ziziphi iinkwenkwezi ezenziweyo, zichaphazela ubude babo obomi. Izitshixo ezihla kwi-core zichaphazela ukuphendula kwe-nyukliya. Ingakumbi yabo, ngaphambili inkwenkwezi ikhanya kunye neyona ncinane ubukhulu becala kuyo. Isiphumo sendlela yokugqibela yintsikelelo engaphantsi yamandla ekhanyiswe yilo luminari ngelixesha leyunithi. Ngenxa yoko, iinkwenkwezi ezinjalo zihlala ixesha elide. Isitokisi sawo sothutho sanele iibhiliyoni zeminyaka. Ngokomzekelo, ngokwezenzululwazi, iLanga ngoku liphakathi komjikelezo wayo wobomi. Sele ikhona malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-5 ubudala kwaye enye iyaqhubeka.

Ilanga, ngokwemfundiso yombono, lakhiwa kwimoyi-gas dust-filled sates. Libhekisela kwiinkwenkwezi kwisizukulwana sesithathu okanye, njengoko zibizwa ngokuba, abantu. Iimpawu eziphambili, ngaphezu kwezinto ezincinci zokushisa kwamafutha, zinika ukukhutshwa komlilo okufanayo, okwakungenye yeemeko zokuzalwa kobomi emhlabeni wethu.

Ukuguquka kweenkwenkwezi

Ukubunjwa kweenkwenkwezi akuzinzile. Masibone ukuba ziphi iinkwenkwezi eziqulethwe kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuziphendukela kwazo. Kodwa okokuqala, masikhumbule iziphi izigaba i-luminari idlula ukusuka kwimeko yokubonakala kwayo ekugqityeni umjikelezo wobomi.

Ekuqaleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iinkwenkwezi zifumaneka ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana komzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell. Ngeli xesha, i-fuel engundoqo kwindawo engundoqo i-hydrogen, apho i-athomu ezine zenza enye i-athomu ye-helium. Inkwenkwezi idlulisa ubuninzi bomi bakhe kweli lizwe. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sisigxina esibomvu. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kunokokuqala, kwaye ubushushu bomhlaba, ngokuchaseneyo, buphantsi. Iinkwenkwezi ezifana neLanga ziphelisa ubomi babo kwisigaba esilandelayo - ziba mhlophe. Ezinye izikhanyiso ezinkulu ziphenduka iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron okanye izimbobo ezimnyama.

Isigaba sokuqala sokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Iinkqubo ze-nyukliya kwiibilini zidala ukutshintsha kweenkwenkwezi ukusuka kwelinye iqanaba ukuya kwelinye. Ukutshiswa kwe-hydrogen kubangela ukwanda kwenani le-helium, kwaye ngoko ke, ubukhulu bomhlaba kunye nendawo yokuphendula. Ngenxa yoko, ukushisa kweenkwenkwezi kwanda. I-Hydrogen iqala ukuphendula ngokusabela, ngaphambili eyayingabandakanyeki kuso. Kukho ukuphulwa kwemali phakathi kwegobolondo kunye nenqobo. Ngenxa yoko, owokuqala uqala ukwandisa, kwaye okwesibini - ukunciphisa. Ngelo xesha, iqondo lokushisa liphakama ngamandla, elibangela ukutsha kwe-helium. Ukususela kuyo kubunjwe izinto ezinzima: i-carbon kunye ne-oxygen. I nkwenkwezi ihla ukusuka ekulandeleni okuphambili kwaye iyajika ibe yinto enkulu ebomvu.

Inxalenye elandelayo yomjikelezo

I-giant ebomvu yinto ephethe iigobolondo ezinkulu. Xa ilanga lifika kweli nqanaba, liza kufaka lonke indawo ukuya kwi-orbit yoMhlaba. Ewe, asikwazi ukuthetha ngokuphila kwiplanethi yethu kwiimeko ezinjalo. Kwizinzulu zobomvu obomvu, i-carbon kunye ne-oksijeni iyahlanganiswa. Ngelo xesha, isibonakaliso sisoloko silahlekelwa ubunzima ngenxa yomoya we-stellar kunye ne-pulsation eqhubekayo.

Iziganeko eziqhubekayo zihluke kwizinto kunye nobukhulu obuphakathi nobunzima. Ukutsalwa kweenkwenkwezi zohlobo lokuqala kubangele ukuba iigobolondo zabo zangaphandle zilahlwa kwaye zenze i -nebula yeeplanethi. Amafutha aphelela kwi-core, ahlahlela aze aphenduke abe mhlophe.

Ukuguqulwa kwezibane eziphezulu

I-Hydrogen, i-helium, i-carbon kunye ne-oksijini akuzona zonke iinkwenkwezi ezinabantu abaninzi kumgangatho wokugqibela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kwinqanaba le-giant red, i-nuclei yezikhanyiso ezinjalo zinyanzeliswe ngamandla amakhulu. Kwiimeko zobushushu obukhula ngokukhawuleza, ukutsha kwekhabhoni kuqala, kwaye emva kweemveliso zayo. I-oksijeni, i-silicon, kunye neyinyithi yenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukongezelela, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto akuqhubekiyo, ekubeni ukubunjwa kweenuclei ezinzima kwintsimbi kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla akunakwenzeka. Xa ubunzima bobunzima bufikelele kwixabiso elithile, liyawa. I-supernova ikhanyisa esibhakabhakeni. Ukuphela kwesithuba sento kwakhona kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bayo. Kwindawo yeenkwenkwezi, inkwenkwezi ye-neutron okanye umxobo omnyama ungenza.

Emva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova, izinto ezidibeneyo zihlakaza kwindawo ejikelezileyo. Kuzo, kunokwenzeka, emva kwexeshana, iinkwenkwezi ezintsha ziza kubumba.

U mzekelo

Uvakalelo olukhethekileyo xa luvela nje kuphela ukuba luqaphele izikhanyiso eziqhelekileyo esibhakabhakeni, kodwa kwakhona ukukhumbula ukuba yeyiphi na iklasi, ukuba ziphi na. Masibone ukuba ziphi iinkwenkwezi ze-Big Dipper eziqulethwe. I-asterism ye-ladle iquka izikhanyiso ezisixhenxe. Eyona nqaqambileyo yi-Aliot neDubha. Inkwenkwezi yesibini yinkqubo yezinto ezintathu. Kwesinye sazo ukutsha kwe-helium kwaqala. Ezinye ezimbini, njenge-Aliot, zifumaneka ngokulandelelana. Inxalenye efanayo yefayile yeHertzsprung-Russell iquka uFekda noBenetasch, nabo benza ibhakethi.

Inkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo ebhakabhakeni ubusuku, uSirius, inamalungu amabini. Omnye wabo ubhekisela ekulandeleni okulandelelanayo, okwesibini - umtshini omhlophe. Kwisebe le-red giant Pollux ikhona (Alpha Gemini) kunye neArcturus (Alpha Volopas).

Iluphi uhlobo lokukhanya oluthile luneli galaxy? Zingaphi iinkwenkwezi zoMhlaba zenziwe? Kunzima ukuphendula le mibuzo. Iimpawu ezinamakhulu amabini ezikhanyayo zijoliswe eMilky Way yodwa. Abaninzi babo sele batshayile iilensi ze-telescope kunye nezinto ezitsha zifumaneka rhoqo. Inyaniso yokuba iigesi zenziwe ngeenkwenkwezi zikwaziwa ngokubanzi kuthi, nangona kunjalo, izikhanyiso ezintsha azifaneli zihambelana nombono osisiseko. I-cosmos ineemfihlelo ezininzi kunye nezinto ezininzi kunye neepropati zabo zilinde abo bafumanayo.