Inkcazo ye-dissociation ye-electrolytic. Inkcazo elula yeenkqubo ezinzima

Ngethuba elithi "i-electrolytic dissociation" izazinzulu ziye zasebenza ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba. Ukubonakala kwakhe kubangelwa ngumkhandi waseSweden uArhenus. Ukusebenza kwiingxaki ze-electrolytes ngo-1884-1887, wazisa ukuba uchaze iimeko ze-ionization kwisisombululo kunye nokubunjwa kwe-melts. Inkqubo yolu hlobo, wagqiba ekubeni achaze ukubola kweamolekyu zibe yi-ions, izixhobo ezinomthwalo ontle okanye ongekho.

Inkcazo ye- dissociation ye- electrolytic ichaza ukuqhuba kombane kwezixazululo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, i- potassium kloride i- KCl ibonakaliswe ukubola kwe-molecule yetyuwa ibe yi-ioni ye-potassium, eneentlawulo kunye nomqondiso wokudibanisa (cation), kunye ne-chloride ion, umrhumo kunye nesibonakaliso esincinci (anion). I-Hydrochloric acid i- HCl iyancipha kwi-cation (i-hydrogen ion) kunye ne-anion (ion chlorine), isisombululo se- sodium hydroxyde Naho ikhokelela ekubonakaleni kwe-ioni ye-sodium kunye ne-anion ngendlela ye-hydroxide ion. Iingqinisiso eziphambili ze-theory ye-dissociation ye-electrolytic ichaza ukuziphatha kweeon kwisisombululo. Ngokwale ngcamango, bahamba ngokukhululekileyo kwisisombululo, kwaye nangona kuluhlu oluncinane lwesisombululo, ukusabalalisa okufanayo kufana nokunyanzelisa iindleko zombane kugcinwa.

Inkcazo ye-dissociation ye-electrolytic, inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-electrolytes kwizixazululo ezinamandla, ichaza ngale ndlela. Ukubonakala kweendleko zamahhala kubonisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokucoca i-crystal yomcimbi. Le nkqubo xa inkunkuma ichithwa ngamanzi iqhutyelwa phantsi kweempembelelo zee-molecules ze-solvent (kumzekelo wethu sicinga ngamanzi). Ziyakwazi ukunciphisa amandla okukhanga kwe-electrostatic ekhoyo phakathi kweeon ezikhoyo kwiindawo ze-crystal lattice, oko kungenxa yoko, ion iqhubela ekuhambeni kwamahhala kwisisombululo. Kule meko, ion ezamahala ziwela kwindawo yemolekyuli yamanzi. Le ngqungquthela, eyenziwe ngeenxa zonke, inkolelo ye-dissociation ye-electrolytic ibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrated.

Kodwa inkolelo ye-electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius ichaza ukubunjwa kwe-electrolytes kungekhona kwisisombululo kuphela. I-crystal lattice inokutshabalaliswa phantsi kwefuthe lokushisa. Ukutshisa i-crystal, sithola impembelelo yokunyuka kweeon i-ions kwiindawo zokugcina iindawo, ezithatha ngokukhawuleza ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-crystal kunye nokubonakala kwe-i-melt epheleleyo.

Ukubuyela kwisisombululo, kufuneka sihlolisise ipropati yento, esiyibiza ngokuba yi-solvent. Ummeli oqaqambileyo wale ntsapho ngumanzi. Into ephambili kukuba ubukho bee-molecule ze-dipole, ewe. Xa ukususela ekupheleni kwesinye i-molecule ihlawuliswa ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye ukusuka kwenye into ayibi. I-molecule yamanzi iyanelisa ngokupheleleyo le mfuno, kodwa amanzi akuyena kuphela isisombululo.

Inkqubo yokuchithwa kwe-electrolytic inokubangelwa ngamakhemantshini angenawo amanzi, umzekelo, i- sulfur dioxide yamanzi , i-ammonia yamanzi, njl. Kodwa ngamanzi ahlala kwindawo ephambili kulolu chungechunge, ekubeni ipropati yayo ibuthathaka (ukuchithwa) ukukhangeka kwe-electrostatic kunye nokubhubhisa i-crystal lattices. Ngoko ke, ukuthetha ngesisombululo, sithetha ukutywala ngamanzi.

Uphando olunzulu lweempawu ze-electrolytes lenze ukuba kube lula ukuqhubela phambili kwimbono yamandla kunye nesantya sokudibanisa. Iqondo lokuxhatshazwa kwe- electrolyte lilingana nenani lamanomleksi ahlukeneyo ukuya kwinani labo elipheleleyo. Kwi-electrolytes ezinokuthi le coefficient isuka kwi-zero kuya kubumbano, kwaye iqondo lokudibanisa elilingana ne-zero libonisa ukuba sisebenzisana non-electrolytes. Ukwandiswa kwesantya sokudibanisa kukuchaphazeleka ngokunyuka kwindleko yesisombululo.

Amandla e-electrolytes anqunywe ngumlinganiselo wokudibanisa phantsi komqathango wokugxinwa kunye nokushisa. I-electrolytes eqinile inezinga lokuhlukana oluhlangene nobunye. Ezi zi-salts ezizinzileyo, i-alkalis, i-acids.

Ingcamango ye-dissociation ye-electrolytic yenza ukuba kube lula ukucacisa uluhlu olubanzi lweziganeko ezifundiswa kwisikhokelo se-physics, i-chemistry, i-physiology yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kunye ne-electrochemistry ye-theory.