Yintoni ngenkani okanye inkonzo, malunga apho asazi nto

Akukho nto irked amafa le ngamakhoboka njengoko silindele lomgadi emkhosini elandelayo. Ngaphandle ujonge kwi draw ubulungisa "set", phantsi sisisongelo amakhonkco e ndinomkhosi yajika kuluntu umntu neze ngalinye 17 ukuya kowe-32 iminyaka. I-prerequisite kuphela impilo yomzimba le ziqashe, uzimisele kwiziko loviwo ngokwanelisayo ngokucokisekileyo, ngaba imbeko compositors nguPetros. Ngoko ke, umkhosi akazange athathe nje kuphela "isiqhwala, ezigoso kunye mnenga", kodwa 'chipped "kwaye siphene ecacileyo ngembonakalo.

Ukusuka kwimbali emkhosini

Ngoko ke yintoni na emkhosini ngokubanzi? Ekuqaleni kwale ezoyikekayo, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba kwamaxesha ukucwangcisa, jonga kwinkulungwane XVII. Nangona ke eli emkhosini nokuyifeza umbuzo. Formation of Amajoni eziqhelekileyo bebekekile, amajoni dragoon ngelo xesha zakusa eqokelelwe zonke nempahla "datochnymi abantu." Mu kuya kwa nshita umzobo amaqashiso ezilawulwa iiseti kamva pre-Petrine abazange systemic, yaye kwenzeka ukhetho, mhlawumbi, yi-ukwahlukana zoluntu apho kumalungu alo umntu, akukho mfuneko yokuba uluntu.

Hi ndlela leyi, lo mgaqo "imvu black", engazange azishiye ukufaneleka kwabo baza kamva, xa 1705 wavakalisa igama elitsha - "emkhosini". Noko ke, ubulungisa ethile iinguqu ezintsha usaqhubeka. Uluntu isekhona indawo imithetho ezahluke royal njengoko uthanda, kodwa isibindi sezisombululo ngaphambili wabona. A ezilikhulu abaqeqeshwayo ngoku kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-80% yabantu base ngaphandle usapho, kunye imali encinane nje, ngenxa yezizathu phaku, kwaye lo myalelo ukuba udluliselwe ekhohlo ayeba ngasemva iintsapho amaxesha amaninzi. Kodwa lo ubulungisa yafikelela esiphelweni ngo-1757, xa umba kwindawo bengasebenzi bafudukela ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukuthanda pay-ukudela.

Imigaqo ngokubanzi emkhosini intlanganiso

De 1736 emkhosini ibe impendulo IsiRashiya ukuya nje ezimbalwa, kodwa imigaqo engaguquki:

• phantsi kwawo kuwa zonke iiklasi, nokuba ukubaluleka yeklasi;
• koonyana yezikhulu phantsi emkhosini ebizwa ngegama ne iinkcukacha lo mfana ukuba aye ngaphandle nokwenzeka ame kwenye umntu endaweni yakhe. Kodwa ke abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwakunye ngawo onke amaxesha, ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwintando ekuhlaleni, unogada indawo athole amatikiti kunye khono ukuba "cap red" ezingaguquguqukiyo wawa bezloshadniki okanye benkathazo. Okanye nje abeke lo mbuzo kwiNtlanganiso Jikelele;
• Inkonzo akukho thayimthebhile ukuba - de ndoda esebenzayo emzimbeni kwaye nako ukuthwala umsebenzi, oko kuthathwa njenge-mkhosi;
• akukho esisigxina imithetho ukuba ukuseta nini yaye abaninzi ngayo abantu inani lamakhaya (nempahla, uluntu) ukuba ukhethe ayikho ngokungagqibekanga. Nganye iseti wadala iimeko ezintsha, ngokutsho apho, yaye yagqitywa kunye nomkhosi.

Nge 1736 kwafika amalungelo sokuqala kwinzala amanene - ukuba isigqibo sebhunga ntsapho, abazalwana abakhonza kule nkonzo, yaye walawula kwifama enkulu. Kwaye inkonzo entsha ngexesha - engama-25, bavunyelwa ukuba babuyele ebomini esweni nangoku "kwincopho yobomi." Enye engama-26 kwafuneka ubunzima izidwangube iimeko zokugaya "ayisindi", ezifana ngengqibo 1762, umthwalo unetyala wabeka ngokupheleleyo emagxeni abantu abaqhelekileyo. Kulo nyaka kukho ibalelane ngokuthe ngcembe lenkululeko ukusuka kwinkonzo izifundiswa, kwakunye nomntu nje ngamnye.

Ukubuthwa phantsi uNicholas I

Ubukumkani Nicholas Mna, wenza uhlengahlengiso ebonakalayo xa zenkonzo, nto leyo iboniswe ngokuyintloko ixesha lokuhlala emkhosini - kunjalo, ngowe-1872, gumbi sele iminyaka 7 ubomi, nenkonzo yesinyanzelo yasemkhosini phantsi Peter 1, ayavuma ukuba kukho irhafu ukuya ubuchwepheshe encinane.

Charter ukususela 1831 vumela phantse ukuhlawula umkhosi, xa uzithengela abaneemfuno ezizodwa umfana ngasinye 1000 engange. Kodwa kuphela ngecephe encinane yobusi, ekubeni itshata efanayo kumiselwa umyalelo intsha imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• emkhosini kufuneka ngoku wenziwe kunyaka ngamnye;
• iwaka lamadoda ukuba phantsi umsebenzi nonyaka ukuba abantu ezilula ezintlanu ngonyaka akuyomfuneko eyomeleziweyo - ebantwini-7 ukuya kwi-10 ngaphezu koko nani - kwiminyaka ziinkathazo.

Ukulwa urhwaphilizo umkhosi

Pre-sithandabuze umdla ukuba abasemagunyeni kuya kubonisa ukuba bokuqonda nemimiselo emitsha, uNicholas ndacinga ikhonkco elawulayo kwi imbonakaliso umntu omnye. Ukukhetha wawa intloko Gendarmerie Corps of Count Benkendorf, ogama lakhe liye ngoku phantse igama. Bala Zisuka ukutyunjwa wabonisa ukusebenza kunqabile ngokubonelela negosa ngalinye abasebenzi ukugaya ebusweni.

Igunya igade, oko kukuthi, i-mkhanyo ebusweni kwegosa unelungelo xela naziphi na ibugs okanye ukunyhashwa ngesakhiwo uyiphathisiweyo ngqo mkhosi wokumkani. Ngenxa eli linge ezingalindelekanga, ukuze kukhonza phambi Ukukhethwa kwamalungu yaba disadvantageous nje kuphela, kodwa kuyingozi.

Lo mkhosi ke, umkhosi ngoku!

Kuthini na ke ngoko ngenkani, kwaye ngendlela edibana ngayo imeko yangoku? Kweliphi na inqanaba yomkhosi Russian waya phezu lolawulo emkhosini jikelele, "obyazalovka" njengoko kuthi ngoku, yaye oko kwabuchaphazela njani umgangatho woqeqesho imikhosi zethu?

1874 kufuneka iphawulwe njengo ekupheleni ilixa emkhosini. iminyaka 169 yathatha umkhosi zinamandla ehlabathini lonke, ukuba ixesha kwafuneka ukwenza ngeli xesha impembelelo ukuba iRussia lixhasa kude.

inkonzo yesinyanzelo yasemkhosini phantsi Peter 1 ifikelele ubunzima liphezulu 1725 - ngoko bagade iindlela kurhulumente amawaka 200 amajoni ..

kathathu ngaphezu koko, lona ngexesha bangene kwintsimi yethu imikhosi uNapoleon kaThixo - ukususela 1805 ukuya 1812.

I iCrimea War ifumene oovimba ngendlela kude akabonakali - malunga elinye kunye nabantu nesiqingatha sesigidi ukususela ekuqaleni imfazwe kunye amawaka 300 amajoni ngakumbi -. Ukuze ekupheleni kwayo. Yintoni na emkhosini kwelo xesha, andikwazi ukuthetha - amanani athethe ngokwabo: isibheno sele phantse yonke.

Ukumelana neengxaki ezifana ukuhlupheka iRussia emfazweni Russian-Turkish - kwaye kwakhona liye laqokelela ngaphantsi bayonets enye kunye namajoni kwesiqingatha sesigidi-plus kunye namagosa.

Ke inani imikhosi Russian lifike ixesha kwenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha, oko kukuthi, oko kuthetha ukulungela rhoqo xa bejamelene enamandla, enye ezizigidi ukubunjwa, yaye ngamaxesha uxolo nokunyaniseka ezaziwayo-kakuhle ngokuqesha arhente, apho oxhonywe ikrele of Damocles Bala Benkendorf.

Le ndlela lokusekwa amajoni - abatsha ngonyaka ezinyanzelekileyo - yahluke kakhulu ukusuka 'ukuthanda ityala ", ngenkani, kwaye oko kukuthi, uyabona, unyaka omnye ukungenela umkhosi rhabaxa mihla nxamnye" ukuba "Iminyaka 25 kukaPetros yokubhena iminyaka esixhenxe yenkonzo kunye" ethambileyo "Nicholas letyala?