Yintoni ekuthiwa umhlaba onokuphila? Indima ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Ummandla ongqongileyo umntu isiziwa ngokuba indalo okanye indawo yokuhlala. Uninzi lwethu bafumana ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga olu lwazi izifundo zesikolo: nenzululwazi ngezobugqi (Grade 3), ngokwemimandla nangeendlela eziphilayo (4), nokwakheka chemistry (6). Kodwa bambalwa ukuqonda indlela zidibene ezi zenzululwazi, ngaphandle kokuba bonke basonta yezobugqi endle. Ukushwankathela konke ulwazi lwabantu ehlabathini wadala elinye igama capacious - umhlaba onokuphila. Nangona iminyaka emininzi yophando kunye nokufunda ngenyameko, umhlaba umhlaba namanje ikunika izazinzulu sizathu ukuba bacinge malunga neenkqubo ezikhoyo kuyo.

definition

Yintoni ekuthiwa umhlaba onokuphila? Utoliko eli binzana ingafumaneka kwi ncwadi kakhulu, yaye zonke zahluke kwikhontenti kodwa phantse twatse anentsingiselo. Kakhulu elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba ecosystem onokuphila wonke umhlaba, apho umntu engena njengomnye iintlobo ezimbalwa. Ukuba ukuguqulela igama "Reserves" igama nelizwi ulwimi isiGrike, iye iingcambu ezimbini. "Scope" libhekisela "mmandla, isigaba, ibhola, 'yaye Ingcambu" BIOS "lithetha" ubomi. " Kubonakala isihloko kakhulu elula nezichanekileyo leyo, enyanisweni, aze anike inkcazelo emalunga nenzululwazi entsonkothileyo ezininzi. V. I. Vernadsky unika impendulo elide kumbuzo okubizwa ngokuba umhlaba onokuphila. Sichaza le ngcamango njengoluhlu ulwazi lwenzululwazi boMhlaba, equka ukuma, geochemistry, ibhayoloji, yokuma. Biosphere - ingqokelela amaqokobhe komhlaba, leyo Simanywe ubukho eziphilileyo nendalo. Zonke iindawo ezahlukeneyo kumafa, imisebenzi kunye neempawu, kodwa elowo kubo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ubukho kunye ngendaleko yehlabathi elisingqongileyo.

Imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

I wadala esidibeneyo inkqubo yolwazi bulumko, Scientist, komhlaba kunye eziphilayo V. I. Vernadsky. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX ukuba kwakukuninzi zophando yoMhlaba kunye nenkqubo yokufunda ukuba zenzeke ngayo, kodwa nzulu kwaye iimeko oku akunakwenzeka ukuba sisazinzulu enkulu Russian. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX naturalist French Lamarck ukuqinisekisa ingqikelelo sokuqala elizayo lenzululwazi, kodwa akazange ukunika igama lakhe. paleontologist Austria kunye komhlaba Eduard Zyuss ngo-1875 elitsha elithi "onokuphila", esetyenziswa kude kube namhlanje. Iza kuqinisekisa le inzululwazi ulwazi yonke into ephilayo emhlabeni. Kuphela emva kweminyaka engama-50 Vernadsky zingqina ukuzalana izinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingaphiliyo, ekujikelezeni kwazo. Into ebizwa umhlaba onokuphila kwi langoku ixesha? Le yenye iqokobhe-langa, apho banxibelelane izinto zendalo imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa babo kudala, inkqubo ekhethekileyo elungeleleneyo.

emoyeni

umoya zangaphandle iqokobhe woMhlaba. Uninzi ubunzima balo ingqalelo kwamanzi, ukuphakama nangabo ukuba ngeekhilomitha amawaka amathathu. I-atmosfera elula kunenye zonke kweqokobhe, akabi ushiye umphezulu kuphela ngokusebenzisa amandla nokutsala lo mhlaba, kodwa ukwanda ukuphakama lamanqanaba ayo baye balahlekelwe isigxina wabo. Umaleko ozone ubonelela ngokunciphisa umgangatho ultraviolet radiation, leyo ithe yawela emhlabeni zokuzikhusela neziphumo kwemitha yelanga. Ukubunjwa atmosfera iigesi: carbon, initrogen, ioksijini, argon, leyo ukuqinisekisa ubukho eziphilayo.

kwehayidrosfere

Biosphere Umhlaba siquka inxalenye iqokobhe zolwelo le planethi. ukwakheka balo bahluka imeko udibaniso lomba. Kwehayidrosfere nobunye onke amanzi emhlabeni, nto leyo ekwimo elulwelo, sukube ijiye. Zomaleko kobuso iilwandle bakhonza ukuba emi- ubushushu elangeni ngokusebenzisa umoya. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa emanzini inkqubo ngayo umjikelezo umba kwindalo, ekubeni iqhezu yeselula. Eziphilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila Iyakwazi ngokupheleleyo element anzongonzongo, ukuba inokufumaneka emigodini nasekudeni ezantsi elwandle enhla Arctic. Khemikhali Ukubunjwa kwehayidrosfere iquka le miba ilandelayo iphambili: wemagniziyam, isodiyam, chlorine, isalfure, ikharbon, calcium, etc ...

lithosfere

Xa ilanga lethu, hayi zonke iiplanethi kuba iqokobhe nzima, uMhlaba kule meko kungekho ngaphandle. Lithosfere - nobunzima kakhulu rock rock (nzima), nto leyo ezenza inxalenye lizwe, nikhonze njengoko lolwandle yehlabathi. Ebubanzini iqokobhe Umhlaba uvela km-70 ukuya 250, ukwakhiwa kwayo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngenani imichiza (lesilicon, aluminiyam, intsimbi, ioksijini, nemagnesium, potassium, sodium kunye ezifana. D.), Yeyiphi ayimfuneko ukuze ngobukho zonke izinto eziphilayo. Le Geosphere- luphawulwa incinane andise ubomi ebhedini ububanzi. Umaleko kakhulu eliphezulu zachithwa kulo lithosfere, leyo kweemitha eziliqela. Ngenxa kukuqiniswa lobushushu ukwanda kwanokuxinana kwiqokobhe nzima, nto leyo kunye nokungabikho ukukhanya musa ukuvumela ubukho eziphilayo.

semvelo

Le Geosphere- idibanisa lonke ihlabathi esingxotyeni (kwehayidrosfere, nendawo lithosfere) bubukho ephilayo. Kuba bonke abantu kunzima ukuba zazi indima ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, oko okusingqongileyo kunye nomthombo. Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo lobudlelane ukuba amisele kungenzeka ubukho baso nasiphi na ephilayo ngokuncama kweziyobisi kunye namandla exchange. imichiza engaphezu kwama-40 inxaxheba kumjikelo inkqubo rhoqo eyenzeka phakathi iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Lo mthombo uphambili wamandla kwelanga. Ilizwe use-umgama kangangoko ukusuka inkwenkwezi kunye umqobo akhuselayo ngohlobo umoya. Ngoko ke, kunye nomba eziphilayo amandla elanga yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ubukho zengqo- ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ngenxa eziliqela izinto eziphembelela iinkqubo ugqibile ifomu elibujikele, zibonelela Ukubolekisa kweziyobisi phakathi emoyeni, lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere, yaye izinto eziphilayo.

Imida ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Xa kuhlalutywa ubungakanani yeqokobhe biosphere angabona ukusasazeka kwayo kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Umda osezantsi ise esicwangciswe ngayo lithosfere, oko angawi ngezantsi ixabiso kweekhilomitha ezili-4. Eqweqweni topsheet - lomhlaba - kakhulu ugcwele kwi lexinene ophilileyo nto umxholo umaleko biosphere. Inxalenye yomgangatho, kubandakanywa nobukhulu iilwandle, imilambo, amachibi, imigxobhozo, zomkhenkce ngokupheleleyo yinxalenye "iqokobhe ophilayo." Ukufumaneka liphezulu eziphilayo waphawula kwiingcamba komhlaba kunye namanzi onxweme, kodwa kukho ubomi nezitya zokutshiza yolwandle, kubunzulu ubuninzi ezingaphezu kwe-11 km, kunye neetyuwa ezantsi. Nelona qondo liphezulu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kubekwe km-20 ukusuka kumphezulu. Emoyeni okumenza "ifayibha live" ozone nekhaka, ngasentla apho eziphilayo iginya elifutshane-wave ultraviolet radiation. Ngoko ke, lo xi ubuninzi into ephilayo phezu imida lithosfere emoyeni.

isakhiwo

Imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila wadala V. I. Vernadsky, naye wachaza indima ephambili eziphilayo ukusekwa kunye nokusebenza i "iqokobhe live" boMhlaba. Ngaphambili ke bafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo, kunye nezinye izazinzulu, kodwa Isazinzulu Russian nako ukubonisa imfuneko yokuba ubukho kwi isakhiwo iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, nto leyo nayo inxaxheba kwegazi jikelele. Ngokwembono yakhe, umhlaba onokuphila ime ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. eziphilayo (ubunzima eziphilayo, ukuqokelela zonke iintlobo).
2. Nutrients (wadalwa ngexesha ubomi eziphilayo, yimveliso inkqubo yabo).
3. into egalelwe (iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo ukuthi zidalwe ngaphandle inxaxheba eziphilayo).
4. Bioinert into (kwasekwa izinto kunye eziphilayo egalelwe).
5. A imvelaphi isithuba esilolo.
6. atom saa.

Imbali ingenzeka

Ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo Umhlaba baseka iqokobhe nzima - i lithosfere. Inyathelo ngakumbi zokubumba into ekuthiwa onokuphila ngenxa yeenkqubo zejoloji ukuba baye bafudukela ziitectonic plates, wabangela mlilo, iinyikima zomhlaba, njalo njalo. D. Emva ukuyilwa iifom ezizinzileyo zejoloji kwakufika ithuba kukuvela eziphilayo eziphilayo. Bafika ithuba lokuphuhlisa ngokukhupha esebenzayo ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zengqo- ezenzeka ngexesha lokusekwa lithosfere. Ukuphila daba iminyaka kwesigidi embalwa ukudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo ebomini. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zazivelela yayo chu emoyeni ubume igesi kwakhiwa. intsebenziswano rhoqo iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo phantsi kweempembelelo zamandla elanga kuye kwanceda ophilayo nto ingahlakazeki emideni yonke yomhlaba uze utshintshe kakhulu inkangeleko yayo.

kwemvelo

I eziphilayo yokuqala ukuvela eMhlabeni kwi kwehayidrosfere, phumela zabo kancinane emhlabeni yathatha ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo. Uphuhliso omnye iqokobhe ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila - lithosfere, ukuba ukuyilwa-ozone. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yefotosinthesis mass omkhulu ezizikhulelayo ibizela esesibhakabhakeni carbon dioxide kunye oxygen akhululwe. Kulo mzekelo, ubomi umcimbi isebenzisa umthombo phantse ungaphelelwayo eneji - kwelanga. eziphilayo aerobic ezingenazo into ephilayo ngokwaneleyo Ebubanzini le kwehayidrosfere, wathabatha kumhlaba komhlaba kunye kakhulu olukhawulezisiweyo inkqubo kwemvelo ngeendleko yesekethe amandla. Okwangoku, i "iqokobhe live" yoMhlaba sikwimo of lwesilinganiso isitali, kodwa isintu kuyo yonke nefuthe elibi kakhulu. A kwinkalo entsha emhlabeni - ezo noosphere, bubandakanya ekukhuthazeni ivumelane ngaphezulu phakathi komntu ngemvelo, kodwa yinto eyahlukileyo umdla kakhulu ukuba ukuhlola nesihloko. Biosphere iyaqhubeka ukusebenza nangona ukuhla kakhulu biomass, "iqokobhe live" efuna ukuba imbuyekezo umonakalo owenziwe ezenziwa ngabantu. Njengoko imbali ibonisa, le nkqubo kuthatha ixesha elininzi.

izinto eziphilayo

Eyona engundoqo njengenxenye isakhiwo biosphere - zokubasa. Iqhuba wonke umsebenzi zengqo- "oonokrwece eziphilayo", igcina isakhiwo sayo kwimo lizama, inkqubo inika umjikelezo mba kunye namandla. umsebenzi Gas ixhasa ukwakhiwa ngokupheleleyo emoyeni. Oku kwenziwa zefotosinthesis zezityalo ezivelisa ioksijini abaninzi carbon dioxide. eziphilayo ngexesha nomphunga nasebudeni yokubola wachacha CO _2. Gas exchange kwenzeka rhoqo, iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo ngexesha sicatshulwa ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Umsebenzi wamandla lo nokwenziwa kunye nokuguqulwa ngolunya (sisityalo) njengomthombo wangaphandle - kwelanga. Umsebenzi xi livumela beqokelela kwezinto biogenic. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kwinkqubo ubalulekileyo lokwandisa izinga elifunekayo izinto kwemichiza apho, emva kokufa yabo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. umsebenzi Redox ukuba basabele nemvelo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha yomphefumlo esiphilayo kwaye kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kumjikelo kwezinto.

zokubasa

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zabiwa ngokulinganayo kwi kwinqanaba ezisentlabathini. Uninzi zokubasa xiyimiso ukubonwa amalungu Geosphere planethi. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukuyilwa kweemeko ezivumayo nezincomekayo zokuphila (ubushushu, ukufuma, uxinzelelo, ubukho iikhompawundi hormone). Ukubunjwa biomass nawo ngokwawo awukho uhlobo olufanayo. Kumhlaba izityalo kufuneka iadvanteji, xa isiseko kwehayidrosfere kuphila izinto ezakha izilwanyana. zokubasa ezinoxinano kuxhomekeke kwindawo eendawo, data ubunzulu kwi lithosfere ukuphakama - apha emoyeni. Inani lweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana mkhulu kakhulu, kodwa ke kwendawo zonke izinto nguye emaMpondweni. Biology njenge inzululwazi eyahlukileyo, ubukhulu becala ucacisa zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo kuyo. Le imvelaphi, ukufuya, ukufuduka zonke iintlobo ngolunya.

semvelo Iimpawu

Ukubaluleka isikali "iqokobhe live" ye Umhlaba uza kubonelela ukufunda yayo rhoqo kwizizukulwana ezintsha izazinzulu. Le nkqubo ezizodwa ngengqibelelo yalo, sophuhliso sesizwe, ulungelelwano. Njengoko iimpawu zayo zamabanga limlindele zingahlukaniswa ukuzinza nokomelela. Inani iingozi ngethuba ubukho ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba live umboniso planethi kakhulu. Baya kwakhokelela ekutshabalaleni ezininzi biomass, watshintsha kakhulu imbonakalo yomhlaba, wayitshintsha iinkqubo ezenzeka phezu komhlaba kunye isiqalo. Kodwa emva kokuba icala ngalinye Biosphere zibuyiselwe kwimo elungisiweyo, sivumelane neziphumo ezibi okanye abathintela ngayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto onokuphila ngayo Umhlaba esiphilayo ukuba self-ukulawula zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwindalo.

uphuhliso

umntwana ngamnye mihla esikolweni samabanga aphantsi ufunda into efana nenzululwazi ngezobugqi (Grade 3). Ngexesha ezi zifundo umntu omncinane achaze oko ihlabathi yaye yintoni olawula ukuba ikhona. Mhlawumbi kufuneka ukutshintsha inkqubo kancinane kwaye bafundise abantwana ukuhlonela nothando indalo, ngoko abantu baya kukwazi ukwenza geosphere entsha. Lonke ulwazi ezingasetyenziswanga iinkulungwane ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kufuneka isicelo sophuhliso wayo ozakube usaqhutywa, neya kubandakanya umanyano womntu kunye nendalo. Kuyinto kakhulu ixesha ukulungisa umonakalo engqongileyo ukuba, abantu kufuneka ucinge into yokuba "iqokobhe live" yoMhlaba nako ukuzifumana, kodwa ukuphelisa le into, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo esisigxina ekugqibeleleni kwayo nemvisiswano.