Yintoni na le Arctic and Antarctic? Umda Arctic. Ummandla i-Arctic. I indawo okuyo ye-Arctic

Kweli nqaku esifuna ukuthetha yintoni le Arctic. Abo kudala kokugqiba isikolo, njengoko umthetho, ngoko nangoko awunanto itheni ukuba zisixelele ngalo. Makhe khumbula ikhondo geography esikolweni.

Yintoni na le Arctic and Antarctic?

Omabini la magama athetha yinxalenye yehlabathi, ibekwe kufuphi izibonda. elinye la malungu kuphela omelwe ukwenziwa North Pole, kunye nezinye - to the South. Ngokubanzi, ayimangalisi, kwaye ulahlekile amagama. Kwaye onke kuba amazwi efanayo isandi, kodwa ke ingcambu efanayo.

I-Arctic and Antarctic amazwi imvelaphi isiGrike, kodwa kunoko, i-Greek yamandulo. Isiseko amagama - ingcambu ka 'Arktos "kuthetha ibhere. Kutheni nebhere?

Kungenzeka, njalo ngeenkwenkwezi. Eneneni, uninzi lekroza ebizwa amagama amaqhawe kwiintsomi zamaGrike: Centaur, Orion, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Taurus, Cepheus. Kuquka Little Dipper kunye Big. Ngoko ke, oku lekroza ka Ursa Minor lo North Star, apho phantse kwi-North Pole. Le nkwenkwezi pinpoints ulwalathiso elingasemntla ikhweyitha (ngentla).

Apho igama

Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba igama lithathwe ngolu hlobo. Kohl Polar Star ise kwi Ursa Minor kunye Ursa - Arktos libonisa ulawulo ngasentla, oku kunye Arctic. Kubonakala ukuba le Arctic - uMhlaba ngasentla.

Kodwa Antarctica igama, ngokungqinelana nemithetho yegrama yesiGrike, apho ixabiso malunga unalo isimaphambili "anti". Nantsi kukho ingcamango malunga ngemvelaphi amagama Arctic Antarctic.

Arctic

Ngoko ke yintoni na Arctic? Le yindawo yomhlaba kufuphi North Pole. Oku kuquka ilayini lwezwekazi North America, Eurasia, phantse lonke Arctic Ocean kunye siqithi, kwakunye nezinye iindawo ezikufutshane ye-Pacific and Atlantic neelwandle. Ukususela kumda ngasezantsi Arctic ngokwemveli egcinwe kwi-Arctic Circle. Kuyinto 66 degrees nemizuzu 33 yobubanzi ngasentla. Kulo mzekelo, sinokuthi kummandla Arctic of ezikwere zeekhilomitha million 21.

Iimeko zemozulu ye-Arctic athambe kancinane Antarctic kuba ezikhuthazwa yolwandle.

Antarctic

Antarctica - ke amalungu lasezantsi polar zomhlaba, nto leyo kufuphi South Pole kwaye ibandakanya Antarctica kunye ezithile Indiya, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans. Iimeko zemozulu e Antarctica zinamandla ngakumbi. Ulikhaya penguins.

umda Arctic

Baphi na iziphelo okanye iqala Arctic? umda Arctic ngokwemveli kubanjwa, njengokuba benditshilo, ngale ndlela Northern. Kodwa ebandayo (arctic) iimeko avezwa kwiingingqi kakhulu lasemzantsi. Emva koko, kuthathelwe ingqalelo ezo iindawo kummandla Arctic uza million 27 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Ngoko ke, isuke kunye ngasemdeni wayo.

zone Arctic - ummandla esisityebi kunene, nangona iimeko zemozulu ezinzima. Apha bebekelwa oovimba emikhulu yezimbiwa: isilivere, idayimani, igolide, chromium, iphosphate kunye nabanye abaninzi. I indawo okuyo ye-Arctic kukhokelele yokuba ekuso kwiindawo ezimbalwa zehlabathi, apho ukuza kuthi ga ngoku wahlala oovimba engekashunyayelwa of ezizizembiwa kunye nezinto kwezimbiwa ekrwada. Ngaphezu koko, lo mmandla utyebile oyile negesi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umda akumazantsi Arctic nangokusesikweni kubanjwa (efanayo) kumda osemazantsi Umbala.

Ngokwesiqhelo, le ndawo kakhulu umdla kunye ebanzi. Uze uthethe apho umda Arctic, kunokwenzeka ukuba ixesha elide. Kuyinto elula kangaka.

Nangona ummandla eyahlukileyo, kodwa Umda Arctic olwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngomhla enye yeenketho sele kukhankanyiwe. Kuyinto 66 degrees nemizuzu 33 yobubanzi ngasentla. E. Umda Arctic ngokwemveli egcinwe kwi-Arctic Circle. Kumntla yale inkululeko bagcine isenzeko umdla ukuba imini polar nobusuku ezibandayo. Kwaye oko kuthetha kummandla elangeni ehlotyeni akum- ixesha, kwaye maxa wambi ilanga liphuma ebusika. Nantsi yinto enkulu.

Ngokumalunga neemeko zemozulu kumda intsimi Arctic yabanjwa, apho i-avareji Julayi lobushushu awudluli izinyuko ezilishumi. An into umdla kukuba le kumda kwezityalo ngenxa yokuba imithi emantla nzima asinde.

imida zemozulu wejografi i-Arctic ngokwemveli ziqhutyelwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Apha, umzekelo, Iceland kuhle emazantsi le Arctic Circle, kodwa kunjalo kukho obushushu Julayi musa ukudlula degrees 10.

Arctic Yomhlaba

indawo Arctic, okanye mandithi, ilizwe layo, kwindawo kweekhilomitha million 14 square. La mazwe luqulathe yonaniso kakhulu esemantla eziliqela kwamazwe. Kuyinto Russia, eGreenland, Canada, eUnited States, Norway, Iceland, Finland naseSweden.

I indawo okuyo ye-Arctic kwadala meko umdla enjalo. Ndimele ndithi Canada kunye Russian Federation bobabo uninzi (80%), United States - 4 ekhulwini, amazwe Scandanavia baye bafudukela malunga elinesithandathu ekhulwini. Isahlulo sesithathu ngingqi - lo Arctic Ocean, leyo uhlamba phezu North Pole. Uninzi lonyaka igutyungelwe ngumkhenkce.

Ngamanye amaxesha akukho kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko kumda Arctic ezigcinwe ngokwesithethe ukusuka kwindawo eendawo lwembono, xa sithetha iindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuba kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Le ndawo lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe kwimimandla geographical: ummandla Russian, indawo Canada, Alaska, eGreenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland kunye Fennoscandia.

Kwi-Arctic, Russia kokwabo Kolguev (Island), North emhlabeni, Franz Josef loMhlaba, Novaya Zemlya, le New aseSiberia Islands, Wrangel, njl Ukongeza, ummandla Russian Arctic bobabo ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo iinkalo zilandelayo: .. Sakha Republic, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk , Chukotka District, Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets kunye Taimyr lizwe.

Yintoni na ofana Arctic?

Ukuthetha ngento na Arctic, ndifuna ukuba uqaphele ukuba akukho nje umkhenkce ikhephu, njengoko abanye abantu bacinga. Enyanisweni, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo yalo mmandla wahlukile kakhulu. Arctic kunye intlango arctic umiwe ubuncinane iintlobo 20,000 ezahlukileyo zezityalo, umngundo, izilwanyana nezinto ezincane. Ulikhaya izilwanyana ezizodwa kunye nezityalo zikhula, nto leyo ifumaneka naphi na Emhlabeni. Naxa ezinjalo iimeko ezinzima kuba iipaki zesizwe yolondolozo lwendalo. Imozulu ezi ezinezinga zokuhlala ofanelekileyo kwezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo. Umzekelo, kwi-Arctic 25% lweentlobo ze salmonids odolo, malunga-12% of ulele kunye ubulembu-6%.

Ngokwendalo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana edyokhweni kakhulu kuthunyelwa kwimimandla yendalo. Izinambuzane, ezifana abahlala apha, yenza up isiqingatha iyantlukwano iintlobo kulo mhlaba. Isimanga, kodwa ihlala kakhulu ooqongqothwane kunye izibawu, ezinako ukumelana lobushushu ukuya ku thabatha degrees amathandathu. Zinyosi kunye neengcongconi Arctic umungu iintyatyambo zasekuhlaleni, yaye eneneni akukho phantse akukho iinyosi. Njengoko ubona, i-Arctic - asikuko ummandla ongaphiliyo, njengoko abaninzi bekholelwa.

Ngokwembono yabantu abathetha ngayo loo umda le Arctic bebefudula nabo permafrost, yaye ihlabathi esiqhelekileyo, kodwa enyanisweni akunjalo. Njengoko ubona, ubomi nkqu kwiindawo ngqwabalala.

umhlaba plant

Kuba flora ngumntu ukudideka ngokuphathelele kwizityalo kumzantsi (Asia kunye American) Arctic kunye oyidingayo. Kumathambeka esemazantsi Chukotka babe kwiindawo emathafeni. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba xa yonke Arctic yaba emathafeni eqinileyo (ngemihla mammoths). Le uhlaza bazizinhanha kummandla Arctic - oku unxweme Chukotka kunye Wrangel Island. Kunzima ukucinga, kodwa iintlobo mane zezityalo nezilwanyana ezihlala asemzimbeni, naphi na apha ehlabathini azenzeki.

Izihluma imelwe okuziinkozo, poppy polar, sedges, willow, ulele, ezinde, nenomlanga, liverworts, ubulembu (apha ikhula ulele odumileyo - adle moss). Chaun Bay kunxweme Chukotka ngokubanzi yindawo ekhethekileyo. Kukho Jer yohlaza, nezinto ezingcwele elidlulileyo, ukufudumala eminyaka.

izityalo Arctic - isiseko ubomi babantu kunye nezilwanyana kwezi ndawo. Xa kusetyenziswa ukutya russules, cloudberries, ulele kunye imifuno. E Iceland, umzekelo, wenze elide isidlo kunye isonka esibhakiweyo ukusuka ulele eziqhelekileyo (ebizwa ngokuba Tsentrariya). Yena yinkokeli phezu umxholo lweziqalelo umkhondo, iivithamini, polysaccharides, asidi ezahlukeneyo. Yena ubuye enze njengoko sisalathisi ekuhlambululeni kokusingqongileyo.

jikelele silwane

Inkcazelo Arctic abuyonto ngaphandle kukhankanywa yehlabathi isilwanyana. Kulo mmandla eyayihlala isilwanyana eliligugu ngasentla - adle, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ubomi abantu bomthonyama amancinci. Kuba adle ephila ngayo umthombo wamandla - kuba ubisi, inyama, izikhumba, antlers. Zonke ezi mveliso kwenza kube lula ukuba ukuziqhelanisa kwaye kuhlala neemeko kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Inyamakazi - imveliso ezixabisekileyo kakhulu, ikhulu iigrem inyama ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa iivithamini kunye neeminerali umntu imini yonke. Ngaphezu koko, inyamakazi yenza nangokhwekhwe, beriberi, iingxaki ukutya kunye nezinye.

Abantu ekhaya adle kangangamawaka eminyaka, ukulinywa yabo iye yaba nomsebenzi yemveli abantu wasentla. Kodwa iintlanga North America akazange domesticate izilwanyana, bakhetha ukuzingela icaribou.

Eli nani likhulu adle eziphilayo kwisithili Yamalo-Nenets, apho amawakawaka izilwanyana aziyeke.

inkabi must Arctic

Isaphila inkomo must Arctic - i ungulates inkulu, ukuba izihlobo mammoths. Izilwanyana ngokuphawulekayo ingaguqulwa ebomini kwindawo ezinzima. Ingubo elide iyabakhusela kukugodola kunye nomoya, azikho ingakumbi befuna kwi ukutya. iinkomo must Kudala zibandakanyiwe kwi-Red Book of Russia. Okwangoku, bahlala kuphela kwi Taimyr Peninsula kunye Wrangel Island. Kwiziqithi waseKhanada, inani zabo kuloonto luyakhula. Ide kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, babehlala Alaska. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba izilwanyana wayengenakuyijika loo yokuhlala ngenxa yobushushu behlabathi, kuba kaloku zange bafezekise izinto imvula rhoqo ukuba uboya emanzi. Ukunciphisa inani lezilwanyana ezichaphazelekayo kunye abazingeli. Indawo zendalo iingcuka polar zimele ingozi enkulu ukuba nezamaxhamakazi, ngenxa yenkomo must.

Ngokuba abantu bomthonyama le Arctic kukho nokubanjiswa yemveli, ngenxa yokuba kukho ezininzi i iimpungutye, weasels, wolverines, iingcuka kunye iimpungutye ezibandayo.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-chain kokutya kweempuku nemivundla. Hamsters badle Lemmings ngosuku namaxesha nesiqingatha ukutya ngaphezu ngokwabo ubunzima.

umhlaba yeentaka

I-Arctic likhaya malunga nesiqingatha iintlobo zeentaka kunxweme ehlabathini lonke, ndimele ndithi ukuba icandelo olomeleleyo phakathi zaselwandle kunye kwimixokomelwano yonxweme. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso unxweme ngaphandle "rookeries", amakoloni kakhulu ama, fulmars, cormorants, guillemots, murres apha.

Kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni elifutshane ecaleni konxweme le Arctic Ocean zakha iindlwane iintlobo 280 zeentaka. iintaka Rare and njengesiqhelo, amvelisele imbewu kubhabha eAfrika, eYurophu, Antarctica, Asia. Taimyr, umzekelo, kudala ingqalelo indawo ebalulekileyo iintaka zaselwandle kunye zasemanzini yokufuduka. I-Arctic likhaya inabantu abaninzi yamarhanisi ezimhlophe, nto leyo luhlala kwi Wrangel Island. In Yakutia aphile crane emhlophe nendwe emhlophe - enye lweentlobo zazenziwe emhlabeni.

nezilwanyana zasemanzini

Symbols of the Arctic babe izilwanyana zasemanzini. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi yabantu olungalawulwayo ziye zakhokelela yokuba ezinye iintlobo zazitshayelwe phantse ngokupheleleyo. Esi silwanyana ibalulekileyo ummandla kakhulu - lebhere elimhlophe. Ngokubanzi kukho 19 abantu, ngamnye equka 22 liwaka. Amabhere yokuphila nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini, ukuba zizala kunxweme Ngumnqweno Chukotka Koloni Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef koMhlaba. rookeries ezinkulu isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade unxweme akhiwe kwisiqithi Wrangel. Le ndawo kuphela ekhuselekileyo kubo.

Nokuzingelwa amabhere kudala wavalwa ngokomthetho. Ke abemi eGreenland kunye eCanada wayengekafiki ayeze uvaliwe, mvume lokukhupha lizingela, ngenxa babulala ukuya izilwanyana 350 ngonyaka ngamnye.

Alaska kwakhona ngonyaka agunyazise ukuba kuthinjwe iminenga kunye neminenga bowhead.

endaweni yokuba UYobi

Njengenxalenye nqaku siza kuthetha mimandla yakhe yabanda ehlabathini. Njengoko sele sibonile, kwaye ayinamsebenzi apho umda Arctic lwenziwa kwi imaphu, kuba zonke efanayo kukho ubomi nokuba kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Nokuba kule ndawo iye flora yayo nezilwanyana.