Yintoni Alexander 2? ubuntu komlawuli. Biography, ebudeni bolawulo

ngosuku lokuqala ngo-1881 yaye nkxu egazini omkhulu, wangena kwimbali naseRussia njengohlobo umqhubi omkhulu iinguqu, ngokufanelekileyo neyayifanele walithiywa wamnika phezu kwakhe ngabantu umkhululi. Ngale mini * uKhesare Alexander 2 (lokulawula - 1855-1881) wabulawa ukuqhushumba uphoswe yi Narodnaya Volya Ignatius Grinevitsky.

Iminyaka Early yindlalifa

April 17, 1818 ngaphezu eMoscow itshayelwe sokududuma kwezitakantlantsi - kufuneka uhlale endlwini ubhishophu esi sibini komlawuli wazalwa yindlalifa etroneni, wafumana kwi uBhaptizo oyiNgcwele igama Alexander. Inyaniso ukwazi: emva kokufa Peter I umlawuli yedwa Russia, owazalwa imali yawo yamandulo, yena - elizayo uMlawuli Alexander 2.

ngobomi bakhe ibonisa ukuba ebuntwaneni yindlalifa kwitrone kwenzeka phantsi kweliso elibukhali kayise. UMlawuli Nicholas I sinikele ingqalelo kufutshane kakhulu kwimfundo sonyana wakhe. sele Imisebenzi Umfundisi Alexander beliphathiswe imbongi odumileyo V. A. Zhukovskogo, ngubani nje bamfundisa negrama yolwimi Russian, kodwa ndatyala sikhokelo ngokubanzi inkwenkwe kwinkcubeko. Special kwakhona izifundo ezifana iilwimi zasemzini, imicimbi emkhosini, mthetho kunye kwimbali engcwele, waza wafundisa ootitshala ixesha eli.

An uthando young abamsulwa

Mhlawumbi amazwi ootitshala akhe ekhaya, kunye nezinye V. A. eziphezulu Zhukovskogo washiya uphawu zabo ezingqondweni Alexander oselula. Ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, kungekudala waqalisa khona ukubonisa utyekelo ukuba intabatheko zothando, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki kayise, indoda, endleleni, nayo ongenasono. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngexesha uhambo ukuya eLondon, Sasha wayeyithanda intombazana eselula - elizayo Korolevoy Viktoriey, kodwa ezi mvakalelo simiselwe kuphelelwa.

Qala imisebenzi karhulumente

UMlawuli Nicholas I kungekudala waqalisa ukuya unyana wakhe kwimicimbi yoluntu. Okumenza afikelele ebudaleni, ukuba saqaliswa iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye Sinodi oyiNgcwele. Ukuba nomfanekiso ubungakanani elizayo kumkani ubukhosi, lowo anawo ukulawula uyise wakhe wathumela kuye 1837 kwi uhambo eRashiya, apho Alexander watyelela mabini anesibhozo. Emva koko, waya eYurophu ukongeza ulwazi bayigqibe imfundo yakhe.

Board Alexander 2 yaqala ngo-1855, ukufa ngoko nangoko emva eyaphazamisa kweminyaka engamashumi wokulawula uyise Nicholas I. Eli lifa ke ilifa iingxaki ezinxulumene ne umbuzo umlimi, yeengxaki zemali kwaye sincame i iCrimea War, ukuba kubekwe eRashiya kwimo amazwe. Bonke bephela zifuna izisombululo ngokukhawuleza.

Imfuno engxamisekileyo utshintsho

Ukuze ukuba ilizwe ngaphandle ntlekele ezifunekayo yohlaziyo, imfuno apho masikhokelwe nobomi. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba ukupheliswa zokuhlala zomkhosi, wangena emva ngo 1810. I koMlawuli wathuma omnye linenxeba lalo usiba kwi esidala elidlulileyo, oko nzuzo Army ibangele a yesiqalo lwentlalo. Nale meko engxamisekileyo kakhulu waza waqalisa inguqu yayo enkulu Alexander 2.

Ukupheliswa serfdom

Isiseko bb. Emva koko, lo mlawuli Alexander 2 kuthwalelwa phandle umntu ekwenzeni umsebenzi wayo ophambili zembali - ukupheliswa of serfdom. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imfuneko yale isenzo ukubhala ngaphezulu uKumkanikazi uCatherine II, kodwa ngaloo minyaka ezingqondweni uluntu Ndandingekakulungeli ukuba utshintsho olukhulu, yaye umphathi kubo namafa babengayi.

Ngoku, phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, Alexander 2, ogama obuchazwe bujikelezwe izinto ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zembali, uyaqonda ukuba, ukuba ngaba yokuphelisa ubukhoboka kusetyenziswa umthetho, kuya kusebenza yokuqhumisa ukuba ukunyuka ingozi dubulo olululo eli lizwe.

Le mbono inye iqhutyelwa kunye Abalawuli ezininzi ezinenkqubela-bume yakhe, kodwa kwizangqa enkundleni kwayileka inkcaso enkulu kunye nempembelelo, eyakhiwa ngamagosa wolawulo lokugqibela, ukhulele enqabeni yamajoni kunye nomoya ngokwemimiselo ye uNicholas I.

Noko ke, ngo-1881 i-kuhlaziyo ukusebenza, kwaye izigidi ngamakhoboka ziye babe ngabemi ezilinganayo Russia. Nakuba kunjalo, oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ingxaki entsha, leyo isonjululwe Alexander 2. Ngamafutshane, abile phantsi yokuba ukususela ngoku abalimi eshiyekileyo kuyimfuneko ukunika indlela yokuziphilisa, oko kukuthi, umhlaba ekule benani. Isisombululo sale ngxaki yaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi.

Finance kunye nokuguqulwa lwemfundo ephakamileyo

Inyathelo elilandelayo ibalulekileyo, nto leyo ephawulwe ubukumkani Alexander 2 yaba uguquko kwezezimali. Ngenxa ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya bakha uhlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo loqoqosho - longxowankulu. Inkqubo yemali karhulumente, ngokusekelwe ngerhafu akazange ahlangabezane neemfuno ixesha. Kuba Ukuphuculwa kwayo 1860-1862 biennium. Oku kudala iziko elitsha kwilizwe - ibhanki karhulumente. Ukongezelela, ukususela ngoku kwi-mali ngokuhambelana kuphuculo evunywe liBhunga State kunye noMlawuli ngokobuqu.

kweminyaka emibini emva kokuba ukupheliswa serfdom, lifikile ixesha lokuba enze utshintsho kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Eli phulo ebalulekileyo ngo-1863 utshintsho asanda ka-Alexander 2. Chaza ukuba ingachazwa nokusekwa kufuneka kulandelwe inkqubo ethile lokuququzelela inkqubo yemfundo kwiiyunivesithi. Fair ukuba bathi lo zokubuyisela yeyona ngokukhululekileyo yonke kuqhutywa ngexesha kubusa ezilandelayo.

Ukusekwa kwe Zemstvos kunye inkqubo entsha

izenzo ezibalulekileyo zomthetho baye ezisemaphandleni kunye guqula nezigwebo, kwasetyenziswa ngo-1864. Nangona imfuno engxamisekileyo ukubhala kubo bonke phambili amanani zoluntu. Ezi amazwi aphikisana yonke inkcaso enye, abanemibono akwazi ukunceda kodwa lalela, Alexander 2.

Ubuntu yalo kumkani ubukhulu becala luphawulwa umnqweno walo rhoqo ukulungelelanisa phakathi nezibonda ezimbini ezahlukeneyo uluvo - nezazi inkqubela kunye nenkundla ngendeb '. Noko ke, kule meko wababonisa kobulembu.

Ngenxa yoko kwenziwa ezo ezintsha ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kurhulumente - yeenguqulelo ulungise yonke inkqubo yakhe ubomi lixesha yenkundla ngendlela aseYurophu, yaye okwesibini, ukuba utshintshe umyalelo ulawulo yolawulo.

Uguqulo empini

Kamva zangamawele, zithabathela yi kuphuculo yedolophu urhulumente, imfundo aphakamileyo kunye emkhosini, ngenxa nje yokuba uyiphathisiweyo yi inguqu ukusuka ngokuqesha ukuya emkhosini. main umququzeleli wabo kunye nesikhokelo ebomini, njengokuba ngaphambili, Alexander 2.

Ibali lobomi bakhe ngumzekelo kumsebenzi inkqubela nonamandla, kodwa akubi njalo irhuluneli engatshintshiyo. Ukuzama ukudibanisa izenzo komdla ephikisanayo iyaxela ekuhlaleni, oku kubangelwa kujike ngumphambukeli kunye neeklasi revolution-nye esezantsi oluntu, kunye phezulu yeengcungcu.

Ubomi emzalwaneni uPhilip

Alexander 2 - ubuntu multi-amaninzi. Kunye nengqiqo yengqele, kukho Bahlala ke ukuvela oku kwasebutsheni bakhe Ukuthanda izinto zothando. Uthotho bufutshane salon ngamayelenqe kunye umkhonzazana ndili iyadi aziphazamiseki kwanasemva umtshato wakhe Princess Mariey Avgustoy of Hesse, yazeka igama Orthodox Maria Alexandrovna. Yena waye umfazi onothando, eyaziyo, isipho uxolelo ngokunyanisekileyo. Emva kokufa kwakhe ezibangelwa sisifo sephepha, umlawuli watshata inkosikazi yakhe yakudala n Mikhailovna Dolgorukova apho yokufa kwakhe buhlungu kwaba igalelo ebulalayo.

Isiphelo wobomi wenguquko enkulu

Alexander 2 - umntu in ezibuhlungu zabo. Zonke amandla namandla wayitshabalalisa ukunyuka of Russia ukuya kwinqanaba yaseYurophu, kodwa izenzo zabo kakhulu umfutho ukuba zisandul 'ngelo xesha kweli lizwe imikhosi entshabalalo, lo vvergshim karhulumente kamva zibe revolution wamagazi. Ukubulawa kuka-Alexander 2 yaba ikhonkco lokugqibela kwikhonkco zokuhlaselwa ezenziwa phezu kwakhe. Apho kukho esixhenxe.

Le yokugqibela, endiwazuze ubomi soMhlekazi, yenziwa Matshi 1, 1881 kwi-Catherine Canal eweni eSt Petersburg. Kuye ziququzelelwe yaye sizibophelele liqela abagrogrisi ababezibiza "Narodnaya Volya". Le nto ndiyibhalayo abantu elime ezahlukeneyo zentlalo yoluntu. Baye wayengazi ukuba kwakhiwe indlela ihlabathi elitsha esoloko ethetha, kunjalo kokuba bamanyane ngumnqweno ukuba atshabalalise iziseko endala.

Ukuze kufikelelwe kule njongo abantu bayisindisile akukho okanye ubomi enye ngakumbi abantu bakhe. Ngokwembono yabo, ukubulawa kuka-Alexander 2 yayiza kuba umqondiso kuba mvukelo jikelele, kodwa enyanisweni kuye wadala ingqondo uloyiko kunye ithemba eluntwini, njalo ukubonakala xa umthetho njengokunyathelwa ngenkani ndisisilo. Namhlanje Monument ukuya Tsar uMkhululi uyitempile "uMsindisi kwi ngeGazi", zakhiwe kwindawo wokufa kwakhe.