Ukuqala maxesha eRashiya kwinkulungwane yama-20 kunye neempawu zayo

Kanye eRashiya serfdom wabhangiswa, kukho zonke ezifuneka phambili ukuze langoku kunye nokukhula koqoqosho ngokukhawuleza. Ekupheleni XIX - kwekhulu XX ekuqaleni kweli lizwe kwakukho i-revolution mveliso. Wabeka Russia belingana kunye anoqoqosho oluphambili zehlabathi (England, eUnited States, France kunye Germany).

Development of kololiwe

Enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kurhulumente ngelo xesha ukuphuhliswa kololiwe. Uphuculo Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20, ilele imbonakalo kuthungelwano lwezothutho ekhoyo.

Umgca kaloliwe yokuqala ukuvela kweli lizwe isephantsi uNicholas I (ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eSt Petersburg). Ekuqaleni XX kwenkulungwane intsimbi wendlela - njengesibonelelo ngobuchule ebalulekileyo. Uthungelwano aphuhliswe kakuhle wenza Uphawu kweeMpahla ngu lizwe Akubizi kakhulu kwaye kakuhle kakhulu.

Ukuqala maxesha eRashiya kule nkulungwane yama-20 washiya ngasemva malunga 3 amawaka eekhilomitha noololiwe. Akukho lizwe kule uthungelwano ihlabathi okukhulu kangaka. Isixa impahla zivezwa eminyaka embalwa emva kokuba ixesha wokulawula Alexander II banda izihlandlo 4.

Yintoni kanye kanye wanika ukwakhiwa olumandla noololiwe? It wavula ngenxa ushishino kunye norhwebo iimarike ezintsha ngaphakathi Russia. Yentlaninge amaphondo zephondo abangevayo resources ezininzi enkulu elindele inkosi yakhe. Yakha mveliso kude isibonelelo sezothutho ephuhliswe kakuhle akwazi ukuthenga nayiphi usomashishini. Ukuba iyatsho ukuba inkampani uphila mali ezinkulu, kwaye ke ngoko isebenze kwi ilahleko.

Nokufika bakwaloliwe kwi ekuqaleni yotshintsho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20 iye yafumana ngesantya okukhawulezileyo. turnover Economic phakathi kumaphondo usiba olunzulu, nezoshishino - ikuyo. It catapulted inxalenye ezininzi ezahlukeneyo labemi - ukusuka iindwalutho abafundileyo ukuya kumafama nzima ukusebenza abaye bayishiya uluntu.

Trans-Siberian Railway

Ngowe-1891 ekusunguleni Amazing ngexesha le projekthi eRashiya. Yaba ukwakhiwa indlela Omkhulu aseSiberia, okanye Trans-Siberian Railway. Lo kaloliwe mde umhlaba ukudibanisa ngasempumalanga egqithiseleyo lizwe kunye namaphondo engundoqo. Xa umcimbi ngokubekwa icandelo lokuqala yindlalifa kwitrone uNikolay Aleksandrovich, naye amanqaku ilizwe ikiriva yokuqala. kweminyaka elishumi kamva, indlela sele ivaliwe, yaye kungekudala waya ukuqeqesha. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala abantu qondisa okanye ukuthuthela ukuya Atlantic unxweme eYurophu ukuya Pacific Rim Russia. Ngokomlinganiselo, kunyaka 642 wakha iikhilomitha ngeendlela ezintsha.

Ngokufika kwe-Trans Russian maxesha kwezoqoqosho kule nkulungwane yama-20, iye Ndizuze ngeenxa entsha. Ke abemi belo lizwe zonke iindlela ukulungiselela uphuhliso olukhulu eSiberia. uguquko Stolypin kwezolimo kuye ukuba abalimi ukuba ahlale phezu kumazwe ezintsha kwaye bafumane kwirhafu ukudala uqoqosho yakho. Isitimela kwakhona kwaba lula ukusuka eYurophu ukuya kumaphondo Far East.

amaqhina noqoqosho phakathi kwemimandla

Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya kule nkulungwane yama-20, walala yokuba kunye ukuvela ubudlelwane eyomeleleyo kwaye uzinzile urhwebo phakathi ezikude ngamandla omtsha waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ishishini. Nkqu yedwa ngokubekwa Trans efunekayo imithombo emikhulu, imveliso leyo inxaxheba kumashishini abucala. Ezi: yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, sleepers kaloliwe yokuvuna, processing iinkuni, ishishini lwekhemikhali, ukudala sibaso zikaloliwe umphunga (imigodi amalahle, i-oyile lokulungisa), njl Qala of maxesha eRashiya kule nkulungwane yama-20 ezahlukeneyo kunye nokungabikho karhulumente bodwa kumacandelo amaninzi kuqoqosho ukuba uthumela italente .. abahleli, abarhwebi zabucala.

Ukwakhiwa iibhulorho ezintsha, kwakunye nokuveliswa kweemoto iinjini umphunga okukhawulezayo izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni maxesha eRashiya kwinkulungwane yama-20 wanika ilizwe uthungelwano kaloliwe yesibini-mde ehlabathini (emva US kuphela).

kaloliwe odumileyo

Zomzila umdla oosomashishini nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo amagosa karhulumente abanetalente. Umzekelo, uMphathiswa Railways ngo-1895-1905 gg. waba Mihail Ivanovich Hilkov, owayehlala uhlobo Rurik. Eluchochoyini umsebenzi wakhe, eye kubulelwe ngenkuthalo enkulu. umlungiseleli elizayo waba Umcimi lokuqala eUnited States, kukho umkhandi UK, uze emva koko wazibonakalisa kwilizwe wakhe njengomlawuli ofanelekileyo. Ukongeza, kunye zikaloliwe ukuba wasibopha umsebenzi Sergeya Vitte - enye amanani edume kakhulu ngexesha.

amacandelo ezoqoqosho

Ezinye iinkalo yotshintsho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuquka nokunikezelwa imarike. Yonke imveliso industrial lonke ilizwe yahlulwe kumacandelo eziliqela. Iqhezu iphambili kweli eyolukiweyo (26%), ukutya (24%) kunye gornozavodskogo (21%) kushishino.

Kulo lonke eli lizwe, kwakukho neengingqi zoqoqosho ezintsha kunye nemveliso yazo ekhethekileyo. Ingakumbi ukukhula olothusayo wabonakala engasezantsi Russia. Ikhupha ioli, intsimbi, amalahle, kunye nentsimbi elityeni. Ukuphuculwa kwezentlalo eRashiya kwakunxibelelene imbonakalo nanto kwezityalo. Shirilsya iklasi sabasebenzi. Ukususela 1894 ukuya 1905, eli lizwe kuphela kwintsimi metallurgical wabonakala amashishini ngaphezulu kwe 440 amatsha kunye nosomashishini.

Kunjalo wahlala liziko imikhumbi St. Petersburg, apho shipyards yayakhiwe neenqanawa zonke iiklasi ezintsha. Emzantsi, indima uyezibuko engundoqo bafudukela Nikolaev. Kwakhona ezokwakha kwaye kwiNgxowa iinqanawa mihla asebenza.

ukukhula komnotho

Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya ukukhawulezisa isantya sokukhula, leyo nomona nayiphi kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini. Kuba esi salathisi, eli lizwe wafumana ngokwayo kwi iqela leenkokheli (kunye ne-US, Japan kunye Sweden). WeGolise waba nqanaba entsha neoli, apho eRussia imibulelo inkokeli hlabathi ukufunyanwa kunye nophuhliso iidipozithi elikhulu Baku zizonke.

Kwezinye iindawo kuqoqosho imveliso yasekhaya ahlala indawo stably 4 okanye 5 (intsimbi, intsimbi, uphose intsimbi, ubunjineli, ukuveliswa iswekile kunye ezifana. D.).

Exhibition All-Russian Industrial

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni kwi Nizhny Novgorod wavula Exhibition All-Russian Industrial (ngokuthi umzekeliso iziganeko ezaziwayo-kakuhle yaseYurophu). Kwaba apha ukuba ishishini Russian benza umboniso yempumelelo yayo. Lo mcimbi ube yimbalasane ixesha elide ukulungiselela kuyo. Kwanele ukuba ukukhankanya ukuba ngokukodwa mboniso kwi Nizhny Novgorod laphehlelelwa tram yokuqala zombane bobukhulu belizwe lonke Russia.

Lo mcimbi uxhaswe yi koMlawuli Nicholas II. Phakathi abaququzeleli mboniso kwakukho ngoosomashishini iyimpumelelo ixesha: .. Savva Morozov, Savva Mamontov, njl Kukho abonise impumelelo zize ziqulunqe neenjongo ezintsha ntsha Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20.

E Nizhny Novgorod, intuthuko iye yabonisa. Umzekelo, abatyeleli kuqala wabona hyperboloid inqaba-iqokobhe Shukhov Rotunda, unomathotholo Popov, kwakunye imoto yokuqala imveliso yasekhaya (imoto Frese kunye Yakovlev). Ezinye zombukiso zanikezelwa kwimimandla ethile. Umzekelo, i-Nobel Brothers Association wabonakalisa amashishini panorama kunye izicokisi oyile in Baku. Siye saxubusha ubunzima ntsha Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kwakhona izivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano phakathi nabavelisi kunye mveliso.

iingxaki

Phezu kwayo yonke impumelelo ngasentla, kwakukho iingxaki yotshintsho of Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ilizwe aqaphela emva iinkokeli zehlabathi ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso ngamnye. Eli nani ngokukodwa ezithwaxwa ngumsebenzisi lokugqibela. Ngenxa yoko ingeniso ephantsi kushishino amazwe (1 billion 286 ezigidi engange). Eli nani saphindwa 5 alithe gangqa US umyinge, okanye eNgilani. Ngokubanzi, yena wayelingana kwinqanaba ezincinane Belgium.

iingxaki yotshintsho Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20, walala kuloo isibakala sokuba eli lizwe elihlwempu kwinqanaba iyonke eyinkunzi ngaphakathi kuqoqosho. Ngakumbi Ukuphuhlisa ushishino, urhulumente kunye oosomashishini babe nemali eziyimfuneko. Bona walungisa ngokuthi ngokuboleka kwezinye iindawo. Malunga nesiqingatha eyinkunzi zasekhaya sele ifunyenwe ngetyala ngaloo minyaka. abatyali amazwe wamvusa ukusuka emhlabeni, iingingqi lonke. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, yaba Donbass lweMeditera. isihlalo sakhe ngokwabo ngeendleko-mali British kanye nesiFrentshi.

amatyala karhulumente

Ngelo xesha, isabelo semali yangaphandle kwezoqoqosho kunye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha kuthechu ukuhla. Iimpawu maxesha Russian walala yokuba urhulumente liya kufakwa kwi kurhwebo lwasekhaya, ngenxa apho ityala layo lwangaphandle wawa, kwaye yangaphakathi, ngokuchaseneyo, wakhulela. Thelekisa - ngexesha elifanayo yaseFransi intlawulo iibhondi yobuncwane bachithe ukuya kwisithathu lwabiwo-mali, lo gama eRashiya - malunga ne-15%.