Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, yaye ziziphi iziphumo zayo?

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, ababhali-mbali ukuya kumhla lingakulungele. Kuthathwa ukuba phakathi yesibini kunye AD kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe, izizwe ezininzi Huns, Alans, amaJamani kunye nabanye. Zashenxiswa kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala neendawo waya ngasemzantsi-ntshona, apho ahlala efikelela kuyo iVolga kunye Don, e-UK, Spain eGaul, siwelwe ngexesha elifanayo Western wamaRoma kwaye "ukugqibezela off" iintsalela zehlabathi lamandulo. Ibangelwa ngokuxuba abantu baseRoma Latinized kunye izizwe bakhona zaba sisiseko beentlanga Romance mihla, kunye neenqobo ezininzi yobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko zanyamalala ebusweni Yomhlaba.

Isizathu sokuba yokufuduka kwabantu kakhulu utshintsho lwemozulu?

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu izizwe? Ziziphi na iziphumo? Singatsho kakuhle ukuba iziphumo zale nkqubo ezazingaziwa kwaba ukubunjwa imephu zezopolitiko nobuhlanga eYurophu yanamhlanje, apho utshintsho olubalulekileyo kamva ezinjalo ukufumene kungekho ngaphezulu. Isizathu sokuba ubunzima yokufudukela yaqala, mhlawumbi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, eyaziwa ngokuba pessimum kwemozulu kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Kukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo sele iqalile kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo kule minyaka 250-450 AD bagqiba ngokupheleleyo kwenye ngonyaka-750.

Ngexesha komndilili weqondo lobushushu yonyaka pessimum laba malunga nesiqingatha isidanga ngezantsi eqhelekileyo, nto leyo eziliqela kwimimandla zibe neziphumo ezibi kakhulu, njengoko imozulu baba ntolovelo manzi - esibandayo.

Izizathu yokwehla labantu

Ukuze siqonde nini yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, yaye yintoni na iziphumo, kuyimfuneko ukuba bafunde utshintsho iimeko zempilo abantu Northern Europe kulo nyaka kunikwa ingxelo yawo. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ngaloo minyaka kwi Alps landa kakhulu resolution ice. Ngenxa yoko, umda ihlathi lwaye sasiziimitha 200 phantsi. Ngenxa yokusilela yesityalo abandayo babonakala kwimimandla weentaba izakungenzeki ukuba ikhule iinkozo nokuvelisa iwayini kunxweme North Sea kunye South of England iingingqi ngenxa yemigudu izaqhwithi balahlekelwa inani ilizwe, kuquka otyebileyo.

Enye indlela version

Cinga nini yaye kutheni naxa ekuqaleni yokufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, yaye ziziphi iziphumo (ngokufutshane) njengoko umzekelo ibhaqwe of alternating pessimums Optima zemozulu (kwinto zaphawula lokugqibela kwamaqondo obushushu), kunye pholisa elandelayo ingaqhuba kwixesha elizayo.

Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba indlela esa ukuya ezantsi iintlanga ziye thile ngaphambili, ngexesha Ixesha waseRoma Ukuzifudumeza xa amaqondo obushushu aba 1-2 degrees ngentla eqhelekileyo, kwaye kukho iimvula ezaneleyo, nto leyo kunye negalelo ukuchuma kwezolimo nemfuyo, nto leyo Oku kwakhokelela ekwandeni kwenani labantu. Inani elandileyo lezizwe Gepids, abonakalisi beprophathi yaye ukulungele kwakhokelela ukuba abathile kuwo bemka baya ngasezantsi wahlala kuLwandle Black kunye kwiiNtaba zeCarpath phambi Ukufuduka Omkhulu.

Yonke le nto yaqala kwisiqithi Gotland

Abanye ababhali-mbali, ucinga umbuzo wokuba kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe eJamani, waphawula ukuba mhlawumbi inkqubo iqale ngeziphumo zezizwe zaseJamani sikulungele Gotland kunye kumzantsi Sweden mihla ekuqaleni ngenkulungwane yokuqala.

Phantsi kwesikhokelo kaKumkani berig izizwe Gothic afika kummandla Poland namhlanje, apho abonakalisi beprophathi bagxothwa Rugova kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba siphumele emazantsi ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, ukuba kwimida uBukhosi baseRoma ngenkulungwane yesibini okokuqala kwethu izizwe esiJamani abaqala ukuba noxinzelelo neAfrika iqumrhu likhulu xesha.

Umfutho evela Asia

Ukuthetha nini yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba kwisigaba yayo kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka kuchaphazela isiganeko esithile. Oku kuhlaselwa zezizwe Huns eYurophu, i-354 BC, xa abahlaseli yoyiswa izizwe Alan kwi North Caucasus yemizi Ostrogothic likarhulumente abalekayo Germanarika, atsho izizwe ukuya ngasentshona (kunyaka 375).

Malunga Huns ngokwabo ulwazi encinane kakhulu. Ezinye mbali bakholelwa ukuba Huns - uhlanga "Huns" ( "Xiongnu"), owayehlala kwigophe le Yellow River kunye wadala ubukhosi yehlabathi yokuqala ephila. In iimfazwe kunye izizwe ezingabamelwane, i Huns boyiswa kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba arhoxe ukuya ngasentshona, apho nemoto kwizizwe zaseJamani. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi musani ukukholwa Hsiung-Chinese, kwaye ukholelwa ukuba bangamalungu okanye wokuqala Turks, owathi ngawo onke amaxesha ziye ingqalelo onobundlobongela kunye gazi ngokwaneleyo.

LweNtlekele iminyaka 536-537. BC

Ukuhlola nini yaye kutheni baqalisa ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane 6 kwakukho iziganeko yemozulu elifutshane ehlabathini jikelele. It waphawulwa ngomnye ukuhla elubala umoya kangangokuba yokuba ngexesha lomsitho wabhala ukuba ilanga babengezela inyanga. Kucingelwa ukuba le nto yendalo yaba sisiphumo mlilo ezinkulu-mlilo, yetropika (tavurvur okanye Krakatoa) okanye ngenxa ukungqubana yiplanethi enkulu asteroid. Oku kwenzeka ebukumkanini Justinian kwiminyaka 536-537. AD kunye wayehamba iyangena iimbovane, i Huns kunye nokuxubana eThrace kunye Illyria, ilahleko enkulu yabemi e North China (80%), kunikwe kwakho indawo nokuxubana kwi iElbe, emazantsi eentaba Alps, esezantsi weDanube kunye Upper Rhein.

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu izizwe? Yaye ukuba isibetho unetyala?

Inani labemi wathabatha yindlala nokubi nokuvunwa emzantsi, besilwa inzalelwane kunye namazwe kwikhompyutha. Ngaphezu koko, kule xesha kwakukho arhente kuguquka causative izibetho (okanye skid kunye liqumrhu amazwe), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni isifo bhubhane.

Kungaphikiswa ukuba isizathu sokuba kutshintshelwe imisebenzi ye imephu lwezopolitiko nobuhlanga Europe ngelo xesha ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neziganeko ezibalulekileyo, nilangazelela inkqubo - ukuhlaselwa izizwe Hun kwi uhlanga yaseYurophu.

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu izizwe? Ziziphi na iziphumo? Le miba kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokulandelelanayo. Emva uhlaselo Huns malunga namakhulu amane eminyaka BC izizwe ubudala nesiJamani le franc waqalisa imihlaba yelo eRoma yanamhlanje eNetherlands, ekugxothweni i Frisians kunye Batavians. Ngo-401, ukumkani eNtshonalanga ukulungele Alaric, ngokungeyompumelelo umzi phambi eConstantinople, wemka emva koko kumazwe ZesiGrike 395, nto leyo yenza oyiswa baphanga, wasikwa imikhosi yakhe nezizwe Alps waza wangena Italy, apho ingqalelo nerazgrablennoy zizityebi lizwe, ukuze enjalo yona into lalingekafiki watyelela bakhona. Xa Ekuveleni komnyaka 402 Alaric umnwe ekuthatheni Tuscany neRoma ngokwayo, kodwa kweli dabi Pollentia namhlanje ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli washiya ilizwe Italian. Apha uza kubuya kamva.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva (406), ukungqubana imfazwe phakathi zezizwe Alans, i abonakalisi beprophathi kunye Franks Alamanni ilizwe ngasechwebeni iRhine, ngenxa apho Franks wafudukela lalikunxweme ekhohlo, kwaye Alemany - inxalenye yayo esemazantsi. Abonakalisi beprophathi kunye Suevi (nezizwe nesiJamani Mpuma Yurophu) ngo-409 bafikelelwa eSpeyin, apho kuhlala kumntla-Iberia.

Ukuwa eRoma phantsi Ukuhlasela amaVisigoth

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, yaye yintoni na iziphumo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi wonke umntu, ngenxa yokuba isikali yale nkqubo 'umxhelo.

Ngowe-410 Visigoth Korol Alarih wabuyela eItali waza wayithimba neRoma. Oku kwakhokelwa ngokoyiswa Alaric e Verona, xa inkoliso imikhosi yakhe elahliwe, eyamkelwa yi-mkhosi Stilicho waza wahlala phantsi savoy. Alaric ngokwakhe awawenza Stilihom isivumelwano federal yaye kamva kwakhokelela amanyathelo ngokudibeneyo ukuphumelela umva ukusuka eConstantinople baxhasa kwimimandla Empire empumalanga eIliriko. Noko ke, Western kunye uBukhosi Eastern ngaxa ethile waya uthethathethwano, yaye amajoni Alaric abazange wayefuna.

neembasa imfazwe komsindo waya ndikhuphe ezabo. Bawasebenzisa abalawuli baseRoma cinga ubonelelo ngentlawulelo isixa tonnes amabini ngegolide nerazgrablenie kwezinye iindawo Italy ngamnye, kodwa yakhatywa, kukhokelele izihlandlo ezithathu nasekuxinweni waseRoma, yenguqu Alaric ngayo kwicala nobuninzi amakhoboka, kwaye ukuwa eRoma kwiminyaka Agasti 410.

izizwe zaseJamani kunye namakhoboka bawuphanga umzi, watshisa izindlu ezininzi, Ungandichukumisi namaziko yecawa, njengoko Alaric sele yamkelwe ubuKristu Arian ukweyisela. Ngapha koko, amajoni akhe waya emazantsi eItali evela izicwangciso capture yeSisili luya unxweme Afrika, apho Alaric wayesiya ukufumana ukudla ukuba ondle abantu bayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicwangciso akazange yenyama, njengesiphango kwi Strait of Messina yazika ezininzi iinqanawa. Alaric wajika wabuyela lasemntla ukuya eGaul, kodwa wafa kwindlela ukusuka kwisixeko Cosenza, kunye yokutyiwa womkhosi wakhe kunye nabantu waliphithikeza ngokwezizwe zasekuhlaleni.

Ukubana bezinye izizwe ngalinye

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu izizwe? Ngokufutshane, le nkqubo eqalwe yokutshintsha kwemozulu, linokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngo-415 AD, amaVisigoth baqalisa ukumnyanzela ukusuka izizwe Spain abonakalisi beprophathi, Alans, awayelapho ngaphambili. Kulo nyaka 449 i-Anglo-Saxon izizwe kunye nobuzwe inesandla beqhutywa ngaphandle yiJutland siqithi eJamani, eBritani, apho bagxothwa Celtic-amaKristu, oyinxalenye iqela States amancinane. Emva konyaka, oko waqinisa imfuduko yabantu lonke kummandla yanamhlanje-Romania - Gepids, Huns awela ngo-450, i-Avars - 456 g, Bulgars kunye nokuxubana - ngo-680 AD

Kwiminyaka 451-452. impucuko yamaRoma uqhuba imisebenzi ngempumelelo emkhosini nxamnye Huns of Attila ekhokelwa, ngoxa Ostrogoths abahlala namhlanje-Hungary ngo-453 ngokuthi kancinane nabo abonakalisi beprophathi ukusuka Malta ngo-454 BC, kwaye abonakalisi beprophathi kuhlala ESardinia (ukususela 458). Ngo-476, umphathi waseJamani Ababhukuqe umlawuli wokugqibela waseRoma. I-Roman Empire (West) iza kuphelelwa kukusebenza.

Kamva (malunga 486 neminyaka) Franks ezilalisa kummandla France mihla, Bayern zivela eCzech Republic ukuya kweyangoku i eBavaria, nokuxubana - emazweni Danubian kobokuqala uBukhosi baseRoma, kunye Breton, asekuthinjweni-Saxon Anglo kwezizwe eBritani, isiseko yangoku UBrittany.

Ndlela kuqosheliswa inkqubo

Xa yaye kutheni ekuqaleni ukufuduka enkulu kwezizwe, yaye ziziphi iziphumo zayo? iklasi 6 esikolweni - isifundo ngokufutshane yale nkqubo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba apha kule AD ngenkulungwane yesithandathu, izizwe Slavic ahlala kwilizwe kumantla Germany mihla (Mecklenburg), i Ostrogoths ahlasela phantse lonke Italy ukuya 550 ukuya 585 - kwaye lonke eSpeyin, ngoxa 570 Lower Austria yaye ngoku iHungary ahlala abasemathanga Avars avela kwelaseAsiya.

Iphela inkqubo kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe, yokufuduka i nokuxubana mpuma iElbe, kwaye Croats nama - kwi kwelaseDalmati mihla kunye Bosnia, kwakunye kwezinye iingingqi yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Inani ngqo yeqondo eliphantsi waza wafa ngexesha kwenye abantu ayaziwa, kodwa ke, njengokuba izazinzulu, amashumi ezigidi zabantu babekholelwa ukuba ibalwe.