Njengoko Russia waba Russia? Njengoko Russia liye laba ilizwe eyodwa enkulu?

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Yaroslav Mudry, enika intombi yakhe Anna ukuya French ukumkani wamnika ikhazi incwadi yakhe emacwecweni zomthi, leyo ekukholeleka ukuba asinda kule namhlanje. Xa kunjalo, yena zazishenxisiwe phezulu ephepheni. Yayibizwa ngokuba "The Book of Veles" kwaye ukusixelela ntoni amaxesha phambi Rurik Minor. Kuthathwa ukuba ngokuthumela le ncwadi eYurophu, Yaroslav wayefuna ukuba uxelele kwimpucuko yaseYurophu zembali yamandulo eRashiya. Ngokutsho kwencwadi Veles, eRashiya kudala kwakukho uhlanga Bohumír, ababa abantwana abahlanu, kuquka oonyana Seva kunye Rus, ukusuka apho waya northerners kunye Rusich. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni indlela eRashiya waba Russian, njengoko ilivo unalo igama obudoda engcanjini "Rus", ngoko leyo yenza isiseko igama "Rus" karhulumente.

Unions baseRashiya izizwe kunye Rurik

"The Book of Veles" liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabonisa ukuba naseRussia njengohlobo komdibaniso Slavic (mhlawumbi nezinye) izizwe ikhona ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kulo msebenzi uncwadi inamakhonkco ukuba iziganeko zamandulo kakhulu xa izizwe protorusskie waya eYiputa, wahlala kwiiNtaba zeCarpath, ifikelele ummandla China-mihla, kunye nabanye. Ngoko ke, cinga umbuzo indlela eRashiya waba Russian, wena awukwazi ukususela kwimihla Rurik, kodwa ngaphambili .

Noko ke, imbali yanamhlanje ukholelwa ukuba yinkokeli abalindi Varangian waba ngowokuqala lowo wahlanganisa izizwe Slavonic kwixesha kwengxabano yoluntu kunye nokuhlasela iintshaba amazwe (ngo-862 AD). Kuthathwa ukuba umzukulwana Novgorod Prince (unyana intombi yenene), ngubani wammema ukuba abuse Novgorod ngokunxulumene nemeko enzima kunye nobudala babo amadala. Ngoko ke, inkolelo ukuba iRussia wadala Scandinavians kuqwalaselwa esingenamali kakhulu. Xa sibhenela "Book of Veles", unako ukufumana kubhekiswa yokuba ababhali bamandulo akazange acinge Rurik Rusich, babekholelwa ukuba amandla akhe wayebonakalisa ngokusebenzisa ugonyamelo. Mhlawumbi ababhali ncwadi bobabo izizwe Slavic, usilwa ne Novgorod, apho Rurik igunya, nawo ekukholelwa ukuba baye babhaptizwa ngohlobo isiko lamaKristu, wayengekho mhle.

Njengoko Russia iye yaba namandla olwandle?

Ekuqaleni urhulumente Russian yaba ingqokelela zokuhlala ecaleni iindlela zorhwebo "ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda", nto leyo yanceda ukuba ukulawula Rurik kunye nabantu bakhe. Iziko le miqulu eselugcinwe yokuzibophelela ukubunjwa baba Kiev ne Novgorod. Malunga nama-8-9 iinkulungwane ixesha lethu sele iqalile uphuhliso imimandla e Central Russia (phakathi iVolga kunye Oka), nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane waba noko kwimiphetho Kievan Rus. Emva kokuba Ukuhlasela Mongol (kwinkulungwane ye-13), ixabiso ilizwe anda, kwaye kukho iziko elitsha - Moscow, apho baqalisa kwisigaba esitsha yokudityaniswa kwi kwintsimi Duchy of eMoscow. Abahlali karhulumente wemfundo bathatha inxaxheba ukufunyanwa kumazwe ezintsha, kuquka efikelela kuyo Kama River, emdeni Pechora, Northern Dvina, uLwandle White. Sinokuthi ngaloo mihla ke imeko Russian yaba namandla ulwandle,, kumanzi kungekho zorhwebo esebenzayo iindlela ngamazwe.

impumelelo wesine kaYohane (Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi) kwintsimi ukubusa

Ngowe-1380 umkhosi eMoscow wawoyisa Mongols, kunye kweminyaka engamakhulu kamva i Ugra umlambo xibilili ngokupheleleyo umhlaba Russian ukusuka kwidyokhwe amazwe. Ngelo xesha, omnye ilizwe Russian sele ifakiwe Rzhev, Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Ustyug kunye nabanye. Oku yindlela iRashiya iye ube onjalo ilizwe omkhulu sele ngaloo mihla. impumelelo Local komanduleli yayo komelezwa kanye umlawuli Rus - Ivan wesine (labangcangcazelisi). Waye wajoyina i-Moscow ilizwe elikhulu zorhwebo Kazan kunye Astrakhan Khanate. Wemka mva manustkript apho, mhlawumbi okokuqala ligama "Russia" wayeyinxalenye ulwimi Old Slavonic. Olu xwebhu ke umyalezo wokuqala Ivana Groznogo nxamnye Prince Andreya Kurbskogo, ngubani kusayinwa 'yabhalwa kwisixeko ebukumkanini umthendeleko eRashiya, eMoscow, le yesine ka-Julayi 7072, ngehlobo wendalo iphela. " Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa yindlela eRashiya waba iRussia ngegama layo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isihloko yesibini incwadi kukumkani esibi Kurbsky ivela njenge lobunganga, luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Grand "BCEAO Rousseau," oko kukuthi, njengokuba isihloko kwekhosi wawusithi "Russia" yaye "Russia".

Ilizwe ngobukhulu planethi

Kwixesha elizayo, urhulumente Russian kangangeenkulungwane baqhubeka ukwandisa kakhulu loo ntsimi. tsars Russian phambi Ivan IV wakwazi qhoboshela nezinto ezikhoyo Pskov kunye nomhlaba Ryazan. Xa Grand Duchy of Lithuania banyulwa waza wabuyela efikelela kuyo i Oka kunye Vyazma. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 ekuqaleni kwinxalenye engentla impangele wangena Dvina Koloni iphela somfula Desna umlambo, yaye iye yaba lizwe likhulu ngaloo maxesha kwaye unanamhla. Kule 80 kwenkulungwane ye-16 baqalisa uphuhliso asebenzayo eSiberia. Kukho Kwasekwa isixeko Tomsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen kunye Mangazeya, kodwa intsimi, nto leyo aseBalti ngenxa ye Livonian War, baye balahlekelwa ekupheleni wolawulo kaYohane esibi.

Njengoko Russia sele ilizwe enkulu? Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphuhliso ezininzi zelizwe entsha ubukhulu becala elinoxolo, kuba amazwe zaseSiberia belimiwe yi kunqabile kakhulu, yaye emva kokufika Cossacks abantu bakhona baqala ukuthatha inxaxheba, umzekelo, oboya sisananelo impahla kwinqanaba eliphezulu impucuko (izixhobo, njl .. ). Kodwa imbali yeli lizwe lethu zizityebi ukungqubana zomkhosi kuphuhliso imimandla ikakhulu asentshona amanye amazwe asempuma. Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, iRussia yalahleka kwiimfazwe ilizwe ESmolensk kunye Chernihiv ezifunyenweyo, ke, kule 50 kwinkulungwane mnye Ekhohlo-Bank Ukraine ne Zaporozhye. Xa nenani-1620-50 lulwenzile ezikhwelayo nanto kuphuhliso eSiberia - Russian wafika kuqala kwi emdeni Yenisei River, kwaye ngoko ke kuLwandle Okhotsk. Noko ke, abaninzi banomdla umbuzo ngendlela eRashiya waba umbuso.

Umlawuli yagweba umbuso

Kukholelwa ukuba esi siganeko esenzeka ebudeni bolawulo uPetros Omkhulu, lowo wathatha isiqu umbusi ngo-1721 xa isicelo weNdlu yeeNgwevu, emva kokuba uloyiso kuMntla War. Ngokutsho iziphumo kwiphulo lomkhosi, eyathatha ukususela 1700 ukuya 1721 zikarhulumente Russian weza Karelia, Izhora, Estonia kunye Livonia, emazantsi ilizwe Finnish ukuya Vyborg, waseka isixeko St Petersburg. UPetros kuye kwasekwa ubudlelane urhwebo namazwe aseYurophu kwaye wenza ilizwe layo igunya elwandle, eli xesha kule ndawo ngobuchule ebalulekileyo.

isizwe Chukchi ayizange ibenze - babhalisa ngokwabo

Emva Russia yaba umbuso, "umphefumlo" sayo sobummandla ikhula kuphela. Kwithuba ukususela 1723 ukuya 1732 inxalenye yayo oLwandle lweCaspian ngumhlaba. Ngelo xesha iqala uphuhliso belizwe zeAltai phezu komlambo Yaik. Xa eko yenkulungwane, uBukhosi Russian abazithandeleyo iintlanga Chukchi (ngaphambili ukuba bakwazi ukuphumelela Russian Cossacks izihlandlo ezithathu), ngoko ena, i Kuril Islands. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinesibhozo ngenxa yeemfazwe Russian-Turkish yoBukhosi lifumana kuLwandle Azov, eCrimea, yoLwandle Black, yaye emva ulwahlulo of Poland - Lithuania, Belarus, Kurland kunye North-Western Ukraine. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ukuya inxalenye Russian ye ukudibanisa Kazakhstan, Alaska noMzantsi besekhaya.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba - indawo eliphezulu

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iRussia zombini ukwenyuselwa kunye nelahleko imimandla. Njengoko eRashiya waba eRashiya namhlanje ngenxa iziganeko? Ngu "ukufunyanwa" welo xesha ziquka ukulawula of Finland, Dagestan, Bessarabia, inxalenye Poland, entshona Georgia. Ke ezweni Russian iquka eArmenia, inxalenye yemihlaba Azerbaijan nomnye 'isahlulo' zamazwe Kazakh (okt. N. Senior Jousse). Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane, uBukhosi Russian ifikelela isilinganiso layo eliphezulu yimbali - oku kuquka i-North Caucasus, Central Asia, inxalenye Xinjiang (okwethutyana 60s). Ukongeza, eMoscow lifumene Protectorate phezu kummandla yaseTuva langoku (umhlaba Uryankhay), oko ligxile Amur, Primorye kunye Sakhalin. Njengoko yembuyekezo ngexesha lokugqibela Japan waphumelela Kuril Islands (Sakhalin wafudukela Japan kwakhona ngenxa yemfazwe ka-1904-1905., Kodwa hayi elide ngemilinganiselo historical). Ngowe-1867, Alaska ubelahlekile, kwaye ngokunxulumene intengiselwano, waqukumbela eUnited States.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, i-Russian uBukhosi, ezivele (yaye yaphela emva koko) yiSoviet Union kwakhona, kuvela, intsimi ezilahlekileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ilahleko Ukrainian, Belarusian, Finnish, Polish, imimandla Bessarabian emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaye ukufumana ekupheleni yeSibini yeHlabathi Kuriles, South Sakhalin, Kaliningrad Oblast. Ngexesha neemeko-ngenkulungwane phakathi, eSoviet Union ingene ngokusesikweni Republic of yaseTuva. Kwaye ngo-1991, emva kokuba ukwahlulwa nakwiiriphabliki eyayisakuba yiSoviet, kulwenze eRashiya yanamhlanje.

Omnye Umhlaba kanye zofuzo

Njengoko Russia liye laba ilizwe eyodwa enkulu? Ekuhambeni yophuhliso amaqela ezahlukeneyo kunye nakwimimandla ezizwe abahlala phakathi kwazo (kwaye ukuza kwezo ndawo), wangena ubuhlobo zorhwebo kunye zomkhosi, kwakunye emtshatweni, leyo ibange ukuxuba yemfuza. Namhlanje, kuvamile eRashiya uhlobo yemfuza yi R1a 1a, nto leyo kakhulu isasazwe kwaye kumbindi Russia nakumazantsi eSiberia, nto leyo kwakhona kubonisa umanyano kwizizwana kuphela indawo kodwa kumgangatho yemfuza.