Isikere ixabiso - yintoni na? 1923, tikelo ixabiso: oonobangela, uyilo kunye neendlela

uqoqosho eSoviet Union ihamba ezininzi ezinzima, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni zombini iziphumo ezintle nezimbi. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bexesha nkqubo omtsha yezoqoqosho kwakukho into efana isikere ixabiso. kubume bayo siyifumana ukungalingani kwamaxabiso phakathi ukuveliswa kwicandelo mveliso kunye nezolimo. Makhe sihlolisise, yintoni eyona kweekota yintoni unobangela bayo, bungakanani na iindlela kule meko.

Kuthetha ukuthini?

Wonke umntu oye wafunda economics kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ngamazwe, wayeqhelene ibinzana elithi "isikere ixabiso". Yintoni na? Ngokubanzi, eli gama libhekisela umahluko amaxabiso kumaqela ahlukeneyo iimpahla amaxabiso kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwandiswa kweendleko ngenxa yokuba kukho iinzuzo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho, nto leyo ifunyenwe kwi imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezithile. Nangona yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba bathelekise amaxabiso yempahla ye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kukho uluvo lokuba ixabiso iimveliso langabom kakhulu sikwancedela umthengisi kunokuba amafutha kunye izinto ngakumbi. Ngokufuthi, tikelo ixabiso uchaze exchange okungeyomfuneko kwempahla phakathi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni nezasedolophini kwaye phakathi kwamazwe aphambili ngophuhliso kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuphuhlisa.

Inkangeleko lo gama i-USSR

Xa igama elithi eSoviet Union Lvom Davidovichem yaziswa "isikere ixabiso" noTrotsky ngokukodwa ukuchaza imeko ngelo xesha kunye amaxabiso iimveliso mveliso kunye nezolimo. intengiso ntlekele, leyo sele kwabonakala ekwindla ka-1923 lwabonisa ukuba abantu ayikho nako ukufumana iimveliso zoshishino ezikumgangatho ezingaqondakaliyo. Nangona nje zatarivatsya abantu ukuthengisa ngokukhawuleza iimpahla kwaye wenze inzuzo. Konke oku kwenziwa ukuze kuziswe ishishini ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha, kwaye ngexesha elinye ukunyusa umlinganiselo karhulumente xa iyonke. Ngokutsho zezoqoqosho, le ndlela ayisoloko nemiphumo emihle, kodwa oko kuthatha indawo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Kakuhle eli ntlekele 1923

Emva ngo-1923, imveliso yezoshishino waqalisa ukuba athengise amaxabiso aphezulu, nangona umgangatho ulihlwempu. Ngoko ke, ngo-Oktobha, ngomnyaka 23 kwenkulungwane lokugqibela ixabiso kwempahla eveliswe yaba ngaphezulu kwe 270 ekhulwini yeendleko efakiweyo ye imveliso efanayo 1913. Ngelo xesha linye i ukunyuka enkulu ixabiso amaxabiso iimveliso zolimo zenyuke nge pesenti 89 kuphela. Le mba we ukungalingani noTrotsky babela igama elitsha - "amaxabiso isikere". Le meko ke akucingeleki, njengoko urhulumente wajongana buyingozi - omnye kuxinizelelo lokutya. Nabalimi belizwe abazange buyanceda ukuthengisa iimveliso zabo ezininzi. We bethengisa kuphela umthamo ukuba ahlawule irhafu. Ukongeza, urhulumente waphakamisa ixabiso lemarike okuziinkozo, nangona ixabiso lokuthenga ukwenzela ukuthenga yengqolowa kwiilali wahlala ndawo, yaye maxa wambi sehle.

Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele

Ukuze siqonde lo mkhuba i "isikere ixabiso" ngo-1923, oonobangela, ngumongo ntlekele kwavuka, imfuneko Ufundo imvelaphi yakhe. ESoviet Union kwixesha ekuthethwa waqalisa inkqubo kukwanda kweefektri, ingakumbi kwezolimo. Ukongeza, eli lizwe phezu nqanaba kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli of capital, kunye nesabelo engundoqo yengeniso kazwelonke iyonke accounted for licandelo lezolimo. Kwaye ukuze ukwandisa umgangatho kwemveliso yoshishino, baba imali kuyimfuneko, ezo "umpontshelwa ngaphandle" kwezolimo.

Ngamanye amazwi, kwakukho ukwabiwa kwemali zemali, kwaye isikere ixabiso kweli xesha nje iphangalele. Kwakukho isimo amaxabiso iimveliso intshukumo, wathengisa zizigqeba ishishini lezolimo kwelinye icala, nangenxa iimpahla ezithengiweyo ngabo ukusuka kubenzi ukuba ukusetyenziswa ethile - kwelinye icala.

Tindlela isisombululo

Abasemagunyeni baye benza konke okusemandleni ukusombulula iingxaki kuqoqosho, nto leyo ikhokelele izikere ixabiso (1923). Izizathu kunye neendlela zicetyiwe kuRhulumente eSoviet, kuquka iindawo ezininzi. Okokuqala, kwagqitywa ukunciphisa iindleko icandelo lemveliso. Oku kuye kwaphunyezwa ngeendlela ezininzi, eyona ezingundoqo apho - ukunciphisa abasebenzi, nokubunjwa inkqubo yemveliso, ulawulo imivuzo yabasebenzi promsektora, ukunciphisa indima middlemen. ixesha lokugqibela kwaphunyelelwa ngokudala womnatha elikhulu amanyathelo abathengi. Kunokuba kwaba luncedo? njongo yalo engundoqo ukunciphisa iindleko impahla eyenziweyo ngenxa kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo, lula iimarike unikezelo, kwakunye ekukhawuleziseni ingeniso.

umzamo iziphumo

Zonke izenzo anti-nengxaki karhulumente zikhokelele iziphumo ezihle: emva konyaka, ezizezi, ngo-Apreli 1924, amaxabiso iimveliso zolimo bavuka kancinane, ngelixa imveliso zoshishino bawa 130 ekhulwini. 1923, tikelo kumaxabiso azisasebenzi (oko kukuthi imithambo), waza waqalisa ukuba bagcine amaxabiso elungeleleneyo kuzo zombini iindawo. Ingakumbi, le nemiphumo emihle bafakela kwimveliso mveliso. Xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo, xa icandelo lezolimo yaba umthombo enkulu mali kweli lizwe, ishishini iye yaba kumthombo ezimeleyo ekufumaneni. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba ukunciphisa isikere ixabiso, ukuze kwandiswe ixabiso lentengo iimveliso zamafama.

isikere ixabiso kumazwe Western

Akukho kuphela USSR kodwa Western eYurophu United States wasebenzisa isikere ixabiso. Le meko ubukhulu becala negalelo ukubana kwemveliso evela kwiifama ezincinane. Ngokomzekelo, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwezinye amagunya zongxowankulu (Britain, eFransi, USA kunye nabanye.) Zorhwebo, zemali noshishino capital Major ebegqwese eyangena kwicandelo lezolimo. Saqala ukudala umbutho agro-mveliso, apho kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa uphuhliso lwenzululwazi nobugcisa zakutshanje. Ukongeza, abalimi phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente engqongqo kunye ummiselo. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iifama ezincinane, uninzi lwazo amashishini usapho yokuzithenga bakhuphisane yaye zafa. Ezi iifama ezincinane, nangona uncedo, azikhange zikwazi ukuthenga izixhobo abizayo eziveliswa bodwa mveliso.

Ngenxa yoko, abalimi sifanele ukukhetha: ukuba ukuya ngaphantsi epheleleyo iintlangano mveliso anempembelelo ukulahleka ukuzimela okanye ukuyeka ezolimo. Ngelo kwiifama xesha enkulu ngenxa nokusekwa zakhiwo agro-mveliso yakhiwe kwaye ezifunyenwe iimpawu, ezifana neenkampani mihla. Olu hlobo mveliso-efama ngenxa isikere ixabiso yabonakala kukhuphiswano rhoqo ukuba umthengi.