WaseSiriya uMongameli Hafez asad: biography, usapho

Hafez al-Assad (Oktobha 6, 1930 - Juni 10, 2000, eDamasko) - yezopolitiko waseSiriya, "Baath" uNobhala Jikelele iqela, iNkulumbuso Syria (1970-1971) ne president wayo (1971-2000).

imvelaphi

Hafez asad, waqala kwidolophana Kardahe kwiphondo Latakia engobomi wayo, wazalwa kwintsapho omelwe kuluntu zonqulo Alawite. Abazali bakhe baba NASA kunye Ali Suleiman al-Assad. Hafez wayengunyana wethoba Ali, kwaye wesine umtshato wakhe wesibini. Uyise wayenabantwana abalishumi elinanye nakubo wayesaziwa ngokuba amandla akhe marksmanship.

Assad usapho luvela Suleiman al-Vahhisha, utatomkhulu, Hafeza 席 ngu, naye wahlala ezintabeni kumantla umSiriya lali Kardahe. Bendawo elithi kuyo igama Vahhish, elithetha "irhamncwa" in Arabic. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, irhuluneli Ottoman le Vilayet Aleppo Kardahi wayikhupha imikhosi ukuya kwindawo ukuqokelela irhafu kunye nogayo abatsha. Bagxothiwe yi ngamava abalimi ekhokelwa Suleiman Al-Vahhishem, nangona abavukeli abaxhobileyo baba amakrele kuphela kunye muskets ubudala.

Hafez asad Kwakhona abe nelunda uyise Ali Suleymanom, owazalwa ngo-1875. Ngenxa nohlonipheke phakathi basekuhlaleni, wayichasa umsebenzi French waseSiriya emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Assad igama lakhe, elithetha "ingonyama", wenza igama lakhe ngowe-1927. Ekubeni waphila de-1963, kwafuneka ithuba ukubona indlela ngcembe unyana kwamandla ephakamileyo kweli lizwe.

Lwabantwana kunye neminyaka yokufunda

Alawites ekuqaleni babendichasa urhulumente elimanyeneyo umSiriya, kuba babecinga ukuba isimo sabo igcuntswana kazwelonke akavuma ukubandulula ndibuthabathe indawo efanelekileyo. Wathi uyise Hafez banixhasa mazwi. Xa French ekhohlo Aram, Aram amaninzi musa ukuthembela ngenkxaso yabo endala Alawite for eFransi. Hafez asad Alawite washiya elalini yakhe waza waqalisa nemfundo yakhe eneminyaka eli-asithoba anesithoba Cartoon Latakia (Sunnis aba uluntu zonqulo iphambili onke amaSilamsi, le yesibini ngobukhulu na uluntu Shiites, Alawites yaye abut ngokwemimiselo yonqulo). Yena waba ngowokuqala kwintsapho yakhe ukuya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kodwa Latakia Assad ujongene ekubonakalisweni zokuthibana zenkolo Sunnis. Hafez Assad wayengumfundi ophuma emagqabini, uye waphumelela iimbasa ezininzi ukuphumelela kwizifundo xa eneminyaka engama-14.

Formation of nemibono yezopolitiko

Asad wayehlala amahlwempu inxenye ubukhulu becala Alawite Latakia. Ukuze abonela meko iqhubekayo macala, kwafuneka ukuba akhethe ukuxhasa iqela lezopolitiko ethe ngokwemveli ilwamkele Alawites. Ezi amaqela umSiriya wamaKomanisi Party, waseSiriya iqela loluntu wesizwe (SSNP) kwaye iqela Arabhu "Baath". Assad wajoyina yokugqibela ngo-1946, nangona abanye abahlobo bakhe yaba SSNP. Party "uBaas" ( "Ukuvuselelwa") zimanyaniswe ingcamango zokudala umbuso elimanyeneyo Arab kunye ideology bobusoshiyali.

Qala lwemisebenzi kule iqela "uBaas"

Assad wawusebenza icala, ngumququzeleli iiseli umfundi, "uBaas" kunye udushe ngenxa ingcamango Baathists kwi kwezakhi hlwempu Latakia kunye iilali eziyingqongileyo Alawi. Wamelana abazalwana Muslim, ngubani zanikwa inkxaso abazizityebi kunye neentsapho ngendeb Muslim. Xa isikolo esiphakamileyo safunda sivela zombini ziqwempu izityebi namahlwempu yoluntu. Hafez asad Kungokwemvelo ukuba bajoyine amahlwempu, ukuba Cartoon Muslim loLutsha le iqela "uBaas", nto leyo esiphikisana ngamalungu Muslim Brotherhood. Ngelo xesha abantu abaninzi abatsha Sunnis baye baba ngabahlobo bakhe. Ezinye zazo ziya kuba kamva kunye namahlakani akhe zezopolitiko.

Nangona Ndandisemncinci kakhulu, Assad iye bavelela kwi iqela ngokuba umhleli kunye recruiter, obeyintloko kwikomiti Baath labafundi besikolo sakhe ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1950. Ngexesha umsebenzi wakhe yezopolitiko esikolweni, wadibana abantu abaninzi abamkhonzayo, xa eba ngumongameli.

umsebenzi empini

Ngowe-1950, Hafez asad usuka esikolweni. Uphupha lokuba gqirha, kodwa unyana yethoba intsapho na imali ukufunda. Kanye ngeli xesha, saseSiriya Republic baqalisa ukwenza imikhosi zabo bexhobile, kwaye yezopolitiko oselula wacela ukuya isikolo yasemkhosini kwisixeko Homs. Wavuma, kodwa kungekudala utshintshela kwisikolo moya e Aleppo, apho waphumelela ngowe-1955, wamkela irenki yokuqala uLieutenant Siriya Air Force. Ngu kulo nyaka, sisebenza umtshato wakhe Mahluf Anicet owaba kuphela iqabane lakhe lobomi.

Ngexesha le ntlekele Suez, Assad kwakuhamba eYiputa njengenxalenye yeqela labaqhubi zomkhosi ekuxhaseni sikaMongameli Nasser e ngxabano yayo ne-United Kingdom nase-United States. Ngowe-1957, oko kuthunyelwa i-USSR inyanga-ezisithoba uqeqesho ubuchule MIG-17 zigcwalisa.

Ngowe-1958, phantsi kwempembelelo wesizwe pan-Arabists kwabunjwa njengenxalenye United Arab Republic of Syria naseYiputa phantsi kwesikhokelo Gamal Abdel m. Assad wamelana dlalo, kuba ingqalelo ukuba iimfuno Syria kaThixo kuyo lanyhashwa. Noko ke, nakubeni Baathists abaninzi baye basuswa kwinkonzo karhulumente kweli xesha, Assad wahlala emkhosini waza wahlabela mgama wenza umsebenzi.

Emva uthotho babhukuqwa emkhosini kuqala yachithwa umfela Syria kunye eYiputa ngowe-1961, yaye emva koko kwabakho lika Matshi 8, 1963. Ngokutsho iziphumo beqela "uBaas" wabumba urhulumente, ukuqala i inguqu yali, kunye Captain al-Assad, ngubani ibisoloko ithatha inxaxheba kwezo ziganeko, wakhawuleza waya ukunyuswa.

Yena wonyuselwa ukuba ezinkulu uze sombutho, yaye ekupheleni kuka-1963 wakhokelelwa Air Force yaseSiriya. Ekupheleni kuka-1964 wamiselwa alimwi uMkhosi waseMoyeni elibamba uMajor General. Assad wamnika amalungelo igosa Air Force, wamisela sibengabameli zayo zonke izithuba ezibalulekileyo kwaye udale i inkonzo yezobuntlola esebenzayo i Force Air, eyaba elizimeleyo kwezinye-arhente ezobuntlola e-Aram. Yena sadlala sentlalo, ngaphandle kolawulo Air Force. Assad ulungiselela ngokwakhe ukuba kube kumzabalazo esebenzayo igunya.

Nendawo enyukayo ngasendlwini ngumongameli

Ngowe-1966, emva kombuso wamajoni, elingasetyenziswanga, wenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo ikhondo lezopolitiko kweli lizwe, waqeshwa uMphathiswa omtsha wezoKhuselo-Aram, nto leyo eyaba Hafez Assad. Emva kokoyiswa kwi Six Day War ngo-1967 nxamnye noSirayeli, urhulumente waseSiriya iye yavezwa. Nangona umlawuli de facto yeSiriya Salah Jadid, lowo ngokusesikweni isithuba sikaSekela UNobhala Jikelele iqela "Baath".

Ekufuneni kwakhe amandla Assad yokuqala eyenziwe ngo-1968 ukuya umhlala ezilawulwa Jadida Prime Minister Yusuf al-Zuayina, yaye ngo-1970 makasuswe ngokwakhe Jadida, owathi wabanjwa waza wahlala entolongweni de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1993.

Ngowe-1970, i iNkulumbuso entsha waseSiriya - Hafez asad, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1971 kunye nomongameli (unyulo-kwakhona wakhe yabanjwa ngo-1978, 1985 no 1991). Xa nkqubo angaphandle, waqhubeka umgaqo-nkqubo angaphambili rapprochement ne-USSR kunye kokuyaphula i US noSirayeli. Kodwa Yom Kippur War ngo-1973, Syria waba nako ukuzifumana kuphela inxalenye encinane iGolan Heights, ahlala kwaSirayeli ukususela 1967.

Hafez Assad - uMongameli

Intsika ephambili yamandla ayo yaba umkhosi kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola. Wazama ukuguqula lizwe nokomeleza amandla alo emkhosini. Noko ke, imigudu yakhe kwakhokelela kokuyaphula uninzi lwamazwe Arab kummandla kunye amazwe. Kodwa ngoxa Assad wamnika nozinzo kwezopolitiko waseSiriya okokuqala ukusukela ukuzimela kwayo. Ukuba urhulumente Assad e Lebanon akanasichazi lobungqwangangqwili waseSiriya lasekwa ngo-1976, nto leyo ethintela imfazwe ngokungenalusini yamakhaya nokuhlasela kwaSirayeli. Islamists kunye nabazalwana Muslim bemphikisa kwi Assad nombuso, kodwa zicinezelwa ngo-1982 ngethuba qhankqalazo zabo, eyaziwa ngokuba kubulawa e Hama.

Kweli lizwe kwakukho lehlelo ngokukhawuleza ubuntu sikaMongameli, zafakelwa eqingqiweyo zobhedu kwiindawo zembutho esembindini kwizixeko ezinkulu kweli lizwe. Iipowusta isithombe sakhe wazihombisa lwefacade zezakhiwo.

Kulo wokuqala Gulf War phakathi Iraq kunye Iran ka-1980-1988. wayezixhasa Iran kwi-Persian Gulf War ukususela 1990 ukuya 1991, wathabatha inxaxheba anti-Iraq womanyano. Ngo-1990, Assad ubuyeleyo West kunye ithi ngendeb Arabia ukuququzelela iintetho uxolo namaSirayeli, Noko ke, leyo, akuphumelelanga.

Intsapho abalandela

In Hafez and Anisy Asadov waba nabantwana abahlanu, noonyana amane kunye nentombi. Bayahlelwa oonyana abathathu kwaba buhlungu: ababini babulawa yaye owesithathu ikhubaziwe imfazwe yamakhaya. Kwimfazwe enye, yena wabulala kunye nomyeni wakhe asad intombi.

Abasindileyo kuphela inzala yakhe ngqo, - unyana wesibini, Bashar al-Assad. Njengoko unyana omdala nelandela Bassel wafa ngo-1994 kwingozi yemoto, ngoko ke waba ezihlangwini zikayise njengoko ngumongameli Aram. Nonyaka-34 ubudala Bashar al-Assad unokuqalisa esi isithuba ngo-2000, i-siseko sele ilungiswe ngokukodwa ukwenzela ukuba ubudala ukuba umongameli yawa ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-40 ukuya kuma-34.