Yintoni oligarchy? meaning

Oligarchy waba nomdla iinkcuba ezininzi mandulo. Njengoko ababhali yokuqala abathi azibhala zabo ukuchaza lo mhlola, senze uPlato noAristotle. Ngoko ke yintoni na oligarchy ekuqondeni zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike?

Oligarchy kwi Iimfundiso zikaPlato

Omnye wababhali abadumileyo yamandulo yamaGrike, uPlato likhuthaza. Yaba umsebenzi wakhe lwenze isiseko sokuxhobisa isifundo uninzi izifundo zezopolitiko. uhlalutyo olubanzi ahlinzwe azibhala ezifana "imeko", "Apology kaSocrates", "Politia" kunye nabanye. kuwo axoxe iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo yexesha lakhe, ingakumbi, ichaphazela umbuzo indlela engcono karhulumente. Ngamanye amazwi, inika iimpendulo kwimibuzo ebuzwa into oligarchy, idemokhrasi, ezopolitiko, ubundlobongela, timocracy kunye nabanye.

intsingiselo ecacileyo elithi "oligarchy" Plato ayiwenzi, ngokubhekisele le fomu karhulumente kuthelekiswa nabanye, aqaqambisa iimpawu kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo gama yena ithetha inkqubo karhulumente, olusekelwe phezu qualification kwipropati. Ngamanye amazwi, zezona eqeqesha abantu zemali kunye abazizityebi, ngeli lixa abahluphekayo musa nalo ilungelo lokuvota.

Ngokutsho kwiimpikiswano nzulu ngezinto oligarchy unxulumene umlaza olunye iintlobo egqwethekileyo karhulumente. Le inkqubo yentlalo zentlalo- ngcembe bazale evela timocracy, yoncedo ezimbi ezimbi. Isidima liyayeka ukuba adlale indima ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko, njengoko wathabatha ubutyebi. inkqubo Oligarchic uzinze kuphela bomkhosi wamajoni, kunokuba phezu intlonipho kunye ukunqulwa ukumkani. Inkoliso yabantu ubomi ngaphantsi kweqondo lentlupheko, nabaphetheyo sigqibo khange bazame ukuthatha amanyathelo ukoyisa lo mkhwa. Le oligarchy kukwaquka lokwabiwa kunye nenzuzo ubulungisa kwezentlalo ezikhoyo eluntwini.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho iimfundiso zikaPlato, karhulumente efanelekileyo kunye oligarchy zingaphawulwa kwezinye. Kodwa ukuze angabonwa ukonakala kwazo timocracy kule ubume kwezentlalo noqoqosho kuluntu akunakwenzeka.

Oligarchy kwezimfundiso Aristotle xa

Aristotle mfundi kaPlato, ngoko ke waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe utitshala wakhe ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngokukodwa, waqala ukuba siqwalasele umbuzo kwiincwadi zakhe zenzululwazi ukuba le oligarchy. -Sobulumko babekholelwa ukuba le fomu karhulumente, kwakunye idemokhrasi kunye ubundlobongela, iindlela umjibilizi ucwangco ekuhlaleni kunye nezopolitiko.

Yakhe "Politics" imbali uAristotle wayifaka elithi "oligarchy" kakuhle eli umgaqo-xesha, ngamanye amazwi ke, wayekutsho ukuba le fom kuthetha amandla yesityebi. Oku kule meko oligarchic ziya kunikwa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo izibonelelo zabo ngamandla, amalungu kwiklasi esisityebi. -Sobulumko bakholwa le nkqubo abangafezekanga, njengoko kusitshiwo, ukuba kukho ithuba "yokuthenga 'indawo elangeni, ngoko lungiselelo efanayo zoluntu ayikho izinzile.

Concept R. Michels

Yintoni oligarchy? ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe kulo mba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kuquka kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngokukodwa, indima enkulu isifundo kule meko wenze R. Michels, owathi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, wathi ingqiqo yakhe, apho kamva kwathiwa igama njenge "nomthetho yentsimbi oligarchy." -Sobulumko babekholelwa ukuba nayiphi iyunithi loluntu kunye nentlalo oluntu ekugqibeleni bazale zibe oligarchy, nangona oko usibekile isiseko ngazo - wedemokhrasi okanye yedwa.

Isizathu esiyintloko oku - umnqweno inkokeli yoluntu ukuze intloko urhulumente karhulumente kwaye babeke phambili iimfuno zabo kwindawo yokuqala, kuquka zemali. Ngelo xesha linye isihlwele tshemba nobukhosi bakhe ngokugqibeleleyo, ngokuthobela ungaveli yonke imiyalelo yakhe, esebenza ngohlobo imithetho.

imihlobo oligarchy

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu zezopolitiko abathe balufunda olu meko, kukho iintlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo oligarchy, nganye eneyazo neempawu ezizodwa neempawu:

1. Monooligarhiya. Le yoluntu kuvela kuloo States, apho onke amandla nobukhosi buzinze ezandleni ngumlawuli monarchical. Akukhathaliseki, kuya kuba yobuthixo okanye wempangelo. Kodwa umahluko ophambili kukuba inkosi kudala isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya, ogama imisebenzi ejoliswe ikakhulu abaya kuzuza lukhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, uya isakhiwo a loluntu ezifana Lomelele yaye onesikhundla esiphezulu kunolo kumkani. Njengoko umzekelo feudalism.
2. Demoligarhiya. Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, kukho umxube intando yesininzi kunye oligarchy, nto leyo kubonakala kwinto yokuba abantu babe ulongamo, idlulisela igunya ngokupheleleyo iqela elincinane oligarchic ngokusebenzisa unyulo okanye zimvo.
3. oligarchy ehambayo. Olu hlobo isixhobo libutho yenguqu. Oku kwenzeka xa lo mlawuli uye waphulukana onke amandla, kwaye abantu abazange bade babe geqe. Yaba ngeli xesha ezingazinzanga ezikhokelela indima ezama ukudlala oligarchy, nto leyo izama ukubambelela amandla ngayo nayiphi na indlela.
4. Ligqabi lo oligarchy. Kulo mzekelo, abantu abazizityebi ukubambelela ngamandla, musa ukuzama ukuzithethelela indawo kwawo ulongamo. Endaweni yoko, zisebenzisa iintlobo okungekho mthethweni ifuthe kuluntu, kubandakanywa ubundlobongela kunye ubuxoki.

Boyar oligarchy - umoya yokugqibela

Abanye abaphandi, ukongeza iintlobo-ekhankanywe apha ngasentla 4 oligarchy, ayinabantu kunye nohlobo sesihlanu - Boyarsky. Olu hlobo ifowuni iye Novgorod semvelo kunye Pskov phakathi XII XV ubudala. Ngelo xesha, ukuba buthathaka incinane kwamandla ezandleni ngumlawuli monarchical, amaqela oligarchic ekwimo le izinduna banempembelelo bazama ukufumana phezu kulongamo.

Ngamanye amazwi, babefuna ukwenza isiseko State, ngokunika ngayo iimpawu eziphambili oligarchy.

Amathuba oligarchy kutshanje

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi oligarchy uye waba ngomnye izihloko eziphambili kuxoxwa kummandla elalisakuba yiSoviet Union. Xa sihlalutya imeko minyaka 15-20 edlulileyo, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ulawulo ngokozwi lakhe oligarchs ukuzuza kuphela amandla alo, ingakumbi, kunye Russian Federation.

Urhulumente yakha umgaqo-nkqubo wayo ngendlela efana ukuvala umba kwayo le oligarchs kurhulumente. Kodwa nangona zonke iinzame ukufumana isisombululo kule ngxaki ifunyenwe kangaka kude. Ngoko ke, amathemba kuba oligarchy eRashiya lonke ihlabathi namhlanje, kakhulu buhlungu, njengoko oku kungadala destabilization imeko yezopolitiko kumazwe abesiza ngendlela yedemokhrasi zophuhliso.