Ubuso arch - King-book Russian History

2010 for ochwepheshe ukufunda Rus yamandulo, yaye abalandeli kwimbali yabalasela isiganeko esibalulekileyo kakhulu: yokungena online open iposelwe umlando ebusweni of Ivana Groznogo (elidume kubizwa ngokuba yayo kukumkani-book). We scan wazibeka kuthungelwano ehlabathini abameli Society of Literature Ancient.

Yintoni intsingiselo yalo mcimbi?

Uya uyavuma ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kumsebenzi mbali zonke - eyona mithombo iphambili: ngokubhala, ubugcisa, ukwakha, izinto zasekhaya kunye nezinye izinto zobuciko. Ngelishwa, ngexesha lethu, abaphandi abaninzi kangaka babuyelayo oko kubo. Ngokufuthi ke ukufunda umshini umsebenzi kwezinye ngembali, nezo lesithathu njalo-njalo. Ngenxa yoko, xa uqala ukuqonda, inkoliso yabaphengululi ungaze usebenzise imithombo yokuqala, nayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe wadala ngokusekelwe ngondiva nezimvo. Kubonakala ukuba le misebenzi kunokufaniswa ikopi kakubi ikopi "blockbuster." Ukuba uvule uze ufunde oko kubhalwe kuxwebhu yamandulo uthelekise iinkcukacha nesibakala sokuba mbali mihla ukubhala, kudla ngokubakho kuphela iimpazamo ezithile, kodwa izinto ngamanye amaxesha malunga ngokupheleleyo. Yiloo nto, yaye oku kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha.

izinto zakudala Russia

Ngelishwa, kude kube namhlanje kukho ezininzi asiyoyenene imithombo yokuqala, njengoko ukuze ezinqwenelwayo. Ukuba sicinga ezikhumbuzo zokwakha, bashiya kancinane, nangaphandle, abaninzi kubo bangamalungu iinkulungwane 18-19, ngokuba eRashiya zezinto ezingundoqo zokwakha - ehlathini, neemfazwe rhoqo kunye imililo angawaconganga izakhiwo ezinjalo. Ukuba uthatha izinto zemihla ngemihla kunye nezacholo, ngoko ke akukho bonke elula kangangokuba: ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugcina - ukuba zonke izinto ezenziwe engamakhulu 15-19. Oku, kakhulu, kuyaqondakala, kuba amatye anqabileyo namatye bekusoloko ithagethi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo abalandeli uzuze kwaye archeologists abamnyama. Phantse zonke emangcwabeni yamandulo (zokungqinga, njalo-njalo) kummandla wethu baphanga ngemihla uCatherine Omkhulu.

yomlomo

Ulwazi kakhulu epheleleyo yembali malunga kwimbali yelizwe lethu bahlala kwimemori abantu - oko banentsomi, amabali, iintsomi, epics, njl Noko ke, izazinzulu ziye ngokucacile wakhanyela ukuba kungenzeka bacinge isithethe ngomlomo njengomthombo lolwazi, ubuncinane malunga nento yokuba ngenxa esenzeka .. Russia, nangona ukulungele ukwamkela ngokupheleleyo amavo, bathi, imifanekiso okanye abantu baseBritani. Kodwa amabali ethu iintsomi kunye neentsomi walondoloza izibakala ezininzi umdla, kukho ingcaciso ethile leyo engqina enye ngcamango kakhulu ethandwa mihla (A. Sklyarov "Omiweyo Island Umhlaba"). Ngokomzekelo, sonke siyazi ngale ubutsha yanendumasi engaka, njenge-apile isosara magic ekuvalweni, leyo ungabona lonke ihlabathi - kunokuba akukho "iPhone" kunye logo wayo - ulunywe iziqhamo? A iikhaphethi eziphaphazelayo, kunye neebhutsi-league ezisixhenxe? Ewe ngubani owaziyo into enye ...

Nangona kunjalo, siya uphazamisekile kakhulu, lixesha lokuba sibuyele isihloko iphambili kweli nqaku, leyo, sikhumbula, i-Personal isiqulathi Tsar Ivan (iv) i esibi.

imithombo

Eyona mithombo iphambili ebhaliweyo Russia yaMandulo - irekhodi. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19 waqalisa ukupapasha Collection Gqibezela YeziKronike Russian. Wonke umntu simazi kunye nempapasho eziprintiweyo, nceda qhagamshelana ithala leencwadi. Kodwa ngoku umsebenzi luyaqhubeka phakathi sikhokelo projekthi "ezikhumbuzo ngesandla Russia Ancient" kwi lenguqu yayo, yaye kungekudala yena Face of Ivana Groznogo, ziya kuposelwa online ukusetyenziswa luluntu. abaphandi sigaba Early kufuneka bazi ukuba ngqangi yamandulo umthombo wenkcazelo ayikho okubhaliweyo kuphela, kodwa imifanekiso. Le i amaxwebhu ezinemifanekiso. Chief phakathi kwezi zenzo kunye arch yobuso. It iqulathe amaphepha lamawaka ishumi elinesixhenxe lamawaka nemifanekiso.

umlando sobuso

Olu xwebhu luluhlu inkulu Annalistic-nelandelelanayo Russia yamandulo. It wadalwa ngokomyalelo wokumkani i-Alexander zokuhlala kwixesha ukususela 1568 ukuya kwiminyaka 1576. isiqulathi Front iqulethe isishwankathelo yembali yehlabathi ukusuka Indalo ukuya kwimbali Russian 15 leminyaka, ngenkulungwane 16 ukuya 67. Amosov A. A. Kuqikelelwa ukuba le bhokisi mandulo ibandakanya nemiqulu ezilishumi ngo-9745 inani elipheleleyo kweemakhishithi leyo ezihonjiswe thumbnail elinombala 17.744. Ababhali-mbali kufanele sikholelwe ukuba uKumkani-ncwadi eziqulathwe kunye nomthamo elinanye. Ngoku yalahleka, yaye oku kuyaqondakala, kuba Wababela ngamathuba ixakayo zembali Russian - de 1114.

isiqulathi Front: Umxholo

Xa imiqulu ezintathu zokuqala equlathe imibhalo iincwadi zeBhayibhile, ezifana nePentatiki, kwiNcwadi ka-ABagwebi, uYoshuwa, uSamuweli, yaye incwadi kaRute, uEstere, uDaniyeli. Ukongeza, ukuba unguye na izicatshulwa ezipheleleyo Alexandria, amabali amabini kaTrojan ( "Ibali indalo poplenenii Troy" acatshulwe kwi "Chronograph Russian" yaye "Imbali yokutshatyalaliswa Troy" - translation Guido Romano de Columna) kunye nomsebenzi Iosifa Flaviya ' imbali imfazwe yamaYuda. " Kuba iziganeko zehlabathi elandelayo baye bakhonza njengemithombo ngomsebenzi ulwazi "zakomkhulu Illinsky and Roman" yaye "Chrono Russian."

History of Russia Face ichaza isethi imiqulu 4-10, ikakhulu wakhonza njengomthombo Nikon Chronicle. Ngokutsho abaphandi (umzekelo, Kloss BM), kuqalwa kwiziganeko 1152 kuxwebhu kwaye kukho imithombo ezongezelelekileyo ezifana iseti Novgorod (1539), umlando uvuko, "umkhumbuzi wezinto ekuqaleni zobukumkani" kunye nabanye.

yokuhlela yamandulo

(Nangona kunjalo ubungqina boku,, akunjalo) uKumkani-ncwadi inani ukuhlela, kuthathwa, ukuba lwenziwa malunga 1575 ngokwemiyalelo Tsar Ivan labangcangcazelisi. Uqwalaselo itekisi ogqityiweyo olubachaphazela ikakhulu ixesha ukususela 1533 ukuya kwiminyaka 1568. umhleli irejistri Unknown eyenziwe bangenazimvo, ezinye linegama izityholo nxamnye abantu babanjwa kwaye kwenziwe ngexesha oprichnina.

Ngelishwa, umsebenzi arch ngaphambili zange ugqibile: ezinye miniatures zenziwa kuphela kulo mzobo inki, ukupeyinta kubo akazange abe nexesha.

iziphumo

Phambi Ivana Groznogo lo ilitye lesikhumbuzo kuphela incwadi vutshila Russia, kodwa loko kubaluleke kakhulu zeziganeko zembali: miniatures, nangona indibano kwaye kunokuba indalo zokomfuziselo, ukubonelela izinto zizityebi ngenxa zokwenene zophando ixesha. Ukongeza, uphononongo zotshintsho Umhleli ukuba zenziwe umqulu wokugqibela ( "Regal Book"), ukunika ithuba lokuba ukufumana ulwazi nzulu malunga ixesha posleoprichnogo umzabalazo yezopolitiko. Amvumela ukuba ukumkani uqikelelo zatshintsha ngenxa yomsebenzi ezithile noogxa bakhe kubagweba. Njengoko kwakunye neembono ezintsha kwi kwiziganeko ngokwabo phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

Ekuphetheni

Ngenxa imisebenzi Society of kwimbali yamandulo, kwaye ngoku bonke baqhelane nale bhokisi nanto. Ngapha koko, ngaphambili, ukwenzela ukuba bafumane ukufikelela kolu xwebhu, oko kuyimfuneko ukuba enze eninzi umgudu, uze kungaba kuphela izazinzulu-mbali. Kodwa namhlanje ifumaneke kumntu wonke. Yonke into efunekayo - uyakwazi ukungena kwi-web ehlabathini lonke, yaye uyakwazi hlala ehlabathini ibangela umdla ukufunda elidlulileyo. Bona ngamehlo akho, walala phantsi phezu iziganeko ezahlukeneyo iimbono zabo kunokuba ufunde ukulungele izitampu mbali ekusenokwenzeka abangazange nokuba umthombo evulekileyo.