Iintlafuno yamandulo Greece - imbali eqingqiweyo ngamatye. Eyona eziphambili ze iitempile zamandulo zamaGrike

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kube nefuthe elikhulu kwisizukulwana esilandelayo waba yobugcisa bokwakha kwanamaGrike amandulo. ubuhle babo nemvisiswano baba umfuziselo umthombo iphefumlelwe ngenxa zaphawula kamva. Iintlafuno yamandulo Greece na amangcwaba nezithethe zawo nobugcisa.

Amaxesha ukubunjwa izakhiwo Greek

Iintlobo iitempile yaMandulo zamaGrike linxibelelene kakhulu ngexesha ukwakhiwa kwayo. Kukho kwala maxesha mathathu kwimbali zobugcisa zamaGrike kunye bokwakha.

• Lwakudala (600-480 gg. BC. E.). Le Ukuhlasela Persian.
• Classic (480-323 gg. BC. E.). Ithuba nempumelelo Greece. Movies Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ixesha iphela ngokufa kwakhe. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba oku iyantlukwano yeenkcubeko ezininzi, nto leyo ngenxa Ukoyisa Alexander baqalisa ukungena eGrisi, kwakhokelela ekuncipheni sobugcisa lakudala Hellenic yokwakha. Iintlafuno yamandulo eGrisi, kakhulu, akazange kusinda kule ngxaki.
• Hellenism (iminyaka ukuya ku-30 BC. E.). ixesha emva kwexesha zaphela amaRoma eYiputa.

Ukusasazwa inkcubeko kunye kwase wetempile

nezithethe zawo iye eyangena Asia Minor, eSisili, Italy, Egypt, North Afrika kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi. Kakhulu iitempile zamandulo zamaGrike lilungu lolawulo lwakudala. Ngeli xesha, amaGrike baqalisa ukusebenzisa endaweni izixhobo zokwakha iinkuni ezifana lekalika naziiperile. Kukholelwa ukuba kwase kuba itempile ikhaya yamandulo yamaGrike. Yokuba izakhiwo buxande enezintlu ezimbini emnyango. Izakhiwo zale hlobo ngokuhamba kwexesha, yaguquka, zaza zonke ezinye.

design standard

iitempile zamandulo zamaGrike zidla sakhiwe kwi qho uvalo. Baba isakhiwo kungekho window, apho engqongwe kwimiqolo. Ngaphakathi kukho oqingqiweyo wesithixo. Column ixhasa ngemiqadi eluphahleni. iitempile zamandulo zamaGrike waba uphahla gable. Elingaphakathi, njengoko umthetho, ukuba norhatyazo. Access kwakukho ababingeleli bodwa. Uninzi yeetempile yamandulo yesiGrike abantu abaqhelekileyo zinokubonakala kuphela ngaphandle. Kukholelwa ukuba le nto amaGrike ingqalelo kakhulu inkangeleko yangaphandle iindawo zonqulo.

iitempile Greek kwakhiwa ngokungqinelana nemithetho ethile. Zonke ubukhulu, ububanzi ratio, umlinganiselo iindawo, inani lwemihlathi kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ziye zachazwa ngokucacileyo. iitempile Greek yamandulo kwakhiwa Doric, Ionic kunye aseKorinte izimbo. Owayemdala kubo kuqala.

style Doric

Le style yezakhiwo kwabunjwa kwangethuba njengoko ixesha lwakudala. Yena luphawulwa elula, amandla kunye nesibindi. igama lakhe, ubophelelekile ngokwezizwe Doric, ezo abasunguli balo. Namhlanje wahlala nje inxalenye ezinjalo yeetempile. Imibala mhlophe, kodwa elidlulileyo isakhiwo zagutyungelwa ngestibhiya, leyo crumbled phantsi kwempembelelo kwexesha. Kodwa cornices kunye friezes bakha eluhlaza nebomvu. Enye izakhiwo idumileyo kule style uyitempile Olympian kaZeyus. Ukuze baye basinda kuphela amabhodlo kwesi sakhiwo iyingangamsha.

style Ionic

Le isimbo yasekwa kwimimandla ahambelanayo eAsia Minor. Ukusuka apho ke kulo Hellas. iitempile Greek yaMandulo kule neyokubhala kuvumelana ngakumbi nondiliseko xa kuthelekiswa ne-Doric. Dala isiseko lakho kumhlathi ngamnye. Capital kwicandelo ephakathi embhoxo nomluko, leyo iikona ezi ejijekileyo waziva. Kule isimbo akukho olinganise engqongqo phakathi emazantsi kunye phezulu lwezakhiwo, njengoko kwi Doric. A uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezahlulo izakhiwo ngokwabo babe mene iqapheleka kunye iyaxokozela ngakumbi.

Okuphoxayo kukuba, ngokoqobo akazange nanceba amangcwaba sesakhiwo isimbo Ionic kwi kummandla Greece ngokwayo. Kodwa ukuba zigcinwe kakuhle aphesheya. Eliqela kubo eItali naseSisili. Enye idumileyo itempile Poseidon kufuphi Naples. Likhangeleka ezibanzi yaye enzima.

indlela laseKorinte

Kweli xesha lamaGrike labazobi baqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi ubungangamsha lwezakhiwo. Ngeli xesha, iintlafuno Greece yamandulo baqala ukunikeza iingqukuva laseKorinte, zazihonjiswe ngezihombo kunye mibala iintyatyambo kunye ubukho amagqabi acanthus.

ilungelo waphezulu

Kuqhotyoshelwe apha ifom zobugcisa lowo iintlafuno Greece yamandulo, kwaba ukuba nelungelo kuphela - umthetho kaThixo. De kwixesha lamaGrike abafayo ayikwazanga kwakha izindlu zabo ngale ndlela. Ukuba indoda iye ingqongwe imiqolo bakhe endlwini amanyathelo, ange umenze gables, oko bekuya ziqwalaselwe nesibindi kakhulu.

In UDorian iimanyano karhulumente nababingeleli imimiselo vala zande styles lenkundla. Uphahla nakwiindonga zendawo zokuhlala eqhelekileyo kwakhiwa, ngokuqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngomthi. Ngamanye amazwi, imibutho ngamatshe ilungelo woothixo. Kuphela isigodlo babo ukuba kufuneka amandla aneleyo ukumelana ixesha.

injongo engcwele

iitempile amatye Greek eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo ngamatye kuba zisekelwe kwingcamango kwicandelo yaqala - i engcwele kokuhlambelayo. Ehlala boothixo ebekumele ukuba lokukhuselwa ngokwenyama. Ashinyeneyo ilitye okanye emarmore emhlophe iindonga bakhonza imifanekiso yabo ukhuselo oluthembekileyo oluvela ubusela, ihlekisa, qhagamshelana ngengozi, yaye prying namehlo.

Acropolis

Sesakhiwo eneentyatyambo Ancient Greece Luqale BC ngenkulungwane 5. e. Le ebikhona inguqu neminye imiba enxulumene kakhulu ngolawulo edume Pericles. Oko ngeli xesha lwakwakhiwa Acropolis - indawo endulini, apho iitempile inkulu Ancient Greece zaye bagxila. Amafoto bakwazi ukujonga lo mbandela.

Acropolis eAthene. Nkqu mabhodlo kule ndawo ingabonwa njenge grand nokuhomba kwethu kwaba kanye. Le leentaba ngezinyuko olubanzi kakhulu ezenziwe ibhastile. Ukuya ngasekunene kwakhe phezu leentaba itempile encinane, kodwa elihle uthixokazi Nike. Acropolis ngokwayo abantu ngendlela yesango kunye kwimiqolo. Ukuya phakathi kwabo, abatyeleli bazifumane endaweni yembutho, zinezihloko umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena (isithixokazi ubulumko), ngubani umxhasi mzi. Okulandelayo zinokubonakala inzima kakhulu ukwakhiwa etempileni Erechtheion. msebenzi wayo lokwahlula na nesezindlu, leyo kuphuma ecaleni yaye yaxhasa ukuba zilala phezu imifanekiso kwivaranda naziiperile nemazi eqhelekileyo (karitaidy).

iParthenon

Isakhiwo iphambili Acropolis lo kuyo itempile iParthenon - itempile enikelwe Athena Pallas. Kucingwa isakhiwo kakhulu ogqibeleleyo ezakwenziwa kwindlela indlela Doric. IParthenon yakhiwa malunga 2.5 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa amagama kwabayili zayo yasinda. Abenzi bemeko- le tempile ezi Callicrates kunye Iktinos. Ngaphakathi kuyo kukho Umfanekiso ka-Athena, leyo oqingqiweyo i Phidias omkhulu. Le tempile enxitywe kwimitha-160 owawukuDonga elide ebonisa kuluhlu abahlali baseAthene. umdali wayo naye Phidias. Le owawukuDonga ubonisa phantse angamakhulu amathathu amadoda kunye namanani amakhulu amabini amahashe.

ukutshatyalaliswa iParthenon

Ngeli xesha, itempile ukho amanxuwa. Esi sakhiwo, efana kuyo itempile iParthenon, mhlawumbi, ukuba asinda kule mini. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-17, xa Venetians kungqinga eAthene, faka kwi Turks ndazifaka ekwakheni kwimagazini lomgubo, kwaye dubulo leyo linxuwa lo oqingqiweyo izakhiwo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 British Elgin kwaziswa eLondon uninzi imikrolo lokusinda.

Ukusasazeka inkcubeko yamaGrike ngenxa ukudliwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo

Ukoyisa Alexander wakhokelela yokuba ukuba ubuciko Hellenic kunye nezimbo zokwakha athiwe saa phezu indawo enkulu. Ngaphandle amaziko ezinkulu eGrisi, ezifana ne-Asia Minor yasePergamon okanye Alexandria eYiputa sele yenziwe. Kule mizi, umsebenzi wokwakha sele ifikelele eyothusayo. Ngokwendalo, ifuthe elikhulu ekwakhiweni yaba sesakhiwo Greece yamandulo.

Iitempile kunye namangcwaba kwezi ndawo zikholisa kwakhiwa isimbo Ionic. bokwakha umdla isampula Hellenic yi yamangcwaba enkulu (ilitye) Maussollos ukumkani. Wabalwa phakathi imimangaliso emikhulu ezisixhenxe ehlabathini. An into umdla kukuba ulwakhiwo wakhokela ukumkani ngokwakhe. gumbi lokungcwaba yamangcwaba iphezulu kwi emazantsi buxande, engqongwe ngabantu iikholam. Ngentla kwayo kumi Inyathelo nePiramidi ngamatye. Oku surmounted yi umfanekiso Quadriga. Ngu igama izakhiwo (yamangcwaba) ehlabathini ngoku isakhiwo nokungcwaba wamazwi.