Onencula - yintoni na le nto? Nikon F entabeni

Onencula - ligama yenzululwazi lens entabeni photo kunye nezixhobo yevidiyo. Kusenokuba inkqubo ngesibopheleli okanye kwindibano eyodwa, apho ikhamera zixhonywe lens. Iinkampani Ukukhokela ukuvelisa iikhamera, baye imilinganiselo zabo ngezinto, edla onencula of ngokuqinileyo omnye ingahimbiselani nabanye. Noko ke, kukho indlela engummiselo kunye nezixhobo ezongezelelweyo (umzekelo, iadaptha-onencula) ukwenzela optic lofakelo mveliso ezahlukeneyo. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo bayonets iintlobo: Nikon F, Canon EF no Sony E.

F onencula of "Nikon"

Ngophuhliso ukufota, kwacaca ukuba ngokukhanya ngegama, ambathe uqhagamshele kwiyunithi izindlu, akakwazi ukuhlangabezana neengcamango zokuyila zeengcali. Ewiliko eyafunyanwa ukusetyenziswa lens interchangeable. Le nkampani Nikon ibe ngomnye wokuqala ukwazisa le nitrogen umgangatho lenses asuswayo. uhlobo onencula, eyaqaliswa ngo-1959, inkampani "Nikon" i onencula uqhagamshelwano ngezikhonkwane kusetyenziswa ukudibanisa icamera 35mm (emzimbeni) kunye ilens.

Lens nenkqubo original F-onencula isetyenziswa ngokubanzi de 1977, yiyo ehambelanayo nohlobo element AI. Nkqu mihla lens Nikon ingasetyenziswa nohlobo isixhobo F baze basebenze kakuhle iikhamera abadala, nangona ufakelo angafuna uphuculo mechanical minor.

isimiso ukusebenza

Onencula - yinto isixhobo elula. Ukuze ukudibanisa lens uhlobo lwecamera F, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukulungelelanisa ngesandla ilens projektha kunye nenkqubo tendril wekhadi, ethe sisigxina f indawo / 5,6 uvalo. Kamva lens yolu hlobo baye ngokuba pre-AI and non-AI.

ehambelanayo

Lens Nikon F onencula-uhlobo umsebenzi omhle zonke iikhamera mihla Nikon ubuncinane ngesandla ukhethe imowudi exposure, ingakumbi xa ukuyiguqula ukuze wokuhambelana entabeni AI. Kulo mzekelo msebenzi iindlela imbobo ephambili iza ixhomekeka kuhlobo lwecamera. Matrix wekhadi ifuna ukuphuculwa ekhethekileyo entabeni, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo ayikasebenzi nezi lens, kwanokuba kugqiba ngokomlinganiselo AI.

Iimpawu design

Ukususela iilensi zixhotyiswe nge Nikon F onencula intaba inkqubo, le nkampani iye yasebenzisa indlela uvalo oluzenzekelayo. Oko kukuthi, le nxalenye luvuleleke rhoqo xa uhambisa kugqaliso kwaye ivaliwe nje umzuzwana phambi kokuba mzuzu nokufotwa. Ngesi umfanekiso angeli akuthethi mnyama kwaye akaphazamisani nkongomiso, nokuba ring beso liguqulelwe kwindawo closed. Ngokwemo, oku waqonda ngokohlobo azisebenzisele eyakhelwe lekhamera yentaka, elehla phambi kokuba umfanekiso. Ilens iyekelela elinye sokunqika apho phantsi koxinzelelo intwasahlobo livale ngamaphiko uvalo.

Nikon uhlobo onencula AI

AI (Indexing oluzenzekelayo) - oluphuculiweyo inguqulelo yokuqala yentaba Nikon F - yaphakanyiswa ngo-1977. imveliso Fans "Nikon" elindele inkqubo ehlaziyiweyo ivumela lens interchangeable ngokukhawuleza. Maxa wambi ebonisa imifanekiso laliphakathi esahlula imizuzwana embalwa elahlekileyo, ayilibale ilens replacement. Kwaye fotogigant wazisa lens entsha entabeni. Oku kuyilwa streamlined ukuba uvunyelwe ukuba ubeke ilens ngentshukumo icala, ukuchitha ixesha lokungena ring beso kwisalathiso ingxenye.

Xa kusetyenziswa CCTV mihla AI-lens unako ukusebenza ngeendlela ezifana manual (M) kunye ephambili beso (A) esweni dot exposure okanye embindini. Ezinye iikhamera singasebenza matrix wekhadi.

Lens uhlobo oludala (F) Kulula kakhulu ukuba uguqule intsebenzo ngokwandisa AI, apho sokunqika ochukumisa gumbi onencula, kunikezela indawo ring uvalo.

ezintsha

Kwakulindeleke ukuba ezintsha eziphambili kukusekwa kwemigangatho mechanical ekufuneka azise kwegumbi ubude ebalulekile lens. Iingcali wacebisa ukuba 'Nikon "icamera entsha iya ngandlel ukusebenzisa loo nkcazelo. Kodwa ke entabeni zaphuculwa ayiphazamiseki. Le abayili wahamba ngenye indlela: iilensi mihla udlulise ulwazi ngekhompyutha. Le ndlela kwaba Akubizi kakhulu kwaye zithembeke kakhulu. AI-lens ziyathengiswa ngoku ukuze ecaleni nto, nangona ngaphantsi kancinci ukuya mihla AI-S (umzekelo, abanayo inkqubo ekhawulezayo).

ikhamera eSoviet kunye Ukrainian kunye lenses

Ngomhla kummandla USSR kunye Ukraine khamera mm 35 kunye lens ukuba ziyahambelana entabeni Nikon AI, wakhulula le mveliso Kiev "Arsenal". Phakathi iikhamera ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• "Kiev-17";
• "Kiev-20";
• "Kiev-19";
• "Kiev-19M";
• Umlawuli Arsat lenses.

uhlobo onencula Nikon AI-s

Esi isigaba esilandelayo kwi nasekusungulweni lens asuswayo. Loo ifowuni ukusetyenziswa namhlanje. Ngu AI kulula kuphosa phezu neckline ethile ahanjiswa kwi onencula ziyafumaneka kwi chromed kwisikali isangqa ububanzi befildi (amadlozi ngesirinji kumphezulu black) isicelo ipeyinti orange zokumakisha emngxunyeni ubuncinane.

Ileta «S» lithetha ukuba ukungavumelani kwe uvalo wokuvalwa yomgama kuchaphazela kuka uvalo yokwalatha lever onencula. Ngenxa ezintsha nasemagumbini ukuxhomekeka ngqo beso wemilinganiso linyuke kakhulu. lo uphuculo ayibalulekanga ukuba uhle ulawulo manual.

Ukuhambelana neentlobo zangaphambili

• Zonke AI-S-lenses ehambelanayo ne-AI-lenses.
• Zonke AF, AF-I kunye AF-S-lens nazo ehambelanayo ne onencula AI-S.
• Zonke AI-S-lens basebenza kwi "SLR» Nikon ubuncinane kwimo yokusebenza ngesandla.
• SLR Uninzi "Nikon", kubandakanywa digital, unako ukusebenza kwimo beso ephambili, ngaphandle eziliqela izixhobo kwinqanaba engahlawulwayo.

Phambi kokuba uceba ukuthenga, ukufunda imiyalelo umsebenzisi bekhamera, nto leyo usoloko unikwa inkcazelo kwinkxaso engqamene neendidi lenses.

Onencula-uhlobo P

Lo mgangatho gqith yaqaliswa ngo-1988 ngokukhethekileyo lens iTelephoto Pilot ukuba Nikon kwafuneka ukubamba esi sikhundla de kube lelo xesha elide-ekugxilwe AF-lens musa ukufumana kusasazwa. Ngelo xesha, i "avtofokusnikami" yindlela engcono kunye parameters baba 300 mm f / 2 Agasti.

Nikon lens uhlobo bit wakhululwa P. Phakathi kwabo 500mm f / 4 P (1988); 1200-1700 mm f / 5,6-8,0 P ED; 45mm f / 2,8 P.

Lens uhlobo manual P AI-S wongezelela nabo eziliqela electronic onencula AF. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukuba usebenzise indlela wekhadi matrix ethe nje wabonakala phezu iikhamera ukuxhomekeka.

Onencula-uhlobo AF

Nikon lens ukuxhomekeka AF (ngaphandle AF-I kunye AF-S) uqhutyelwe kuyo ndikho ngenxa ukujikeleza imoto egumbini igqithiselwa kwi indlela ekhethekileyo lens elisusekayo. Abafoti kwindlela ebizwa ngokuba "screwdriver". Ngoku le nkqubo ikhangeleka abangekaphuhli kuthelekiswa nenkqubo ukuxhomekeka Canon, kodwa uyilo onjalo kuvunyelwa emva ngowe-1980 ukugcina uphawulo ngokupheleleyo kunye lenses neavtofokusnymi. Zonke isixhobo ukuxhomekeka (kubandakanywa i-AI-S) ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba amagumbi neavtofokusnyh. Noko ke, izixhobo abangaxhasi AI, kodwa zifuna uphuhliso olungaphezulu.

Onencula-uhlobo AF-N

AF-ukonyulwa N yaziswa kuphela ukuze ukwahlula iilensi series AF-ubudala ukusuka entsha. Emva kokukhululwa kwale yokuqala "Nikon» AF-lens Ndagqiba kwelokuba ukuba umsebenzisi-lula ubugcisa onjalo, akukho mntu wumbi uya kuthabatha imifanekiso kwimo yokusebenza ngesandla. Ngoko ke, lo wokuqala AF-lenses bebexhotyiswa ezingcakacileyo engonwabanga manual umsesane egxininisa, apho ukusetyenziswa kwakungenakwenzeka. Noko ke, kwathi abafoti bakhetha endala ngokubanzi rubberized ekugxilwe ring elungileyo. Ngoko ke, iinjineli babuya umva ukuya iilensi ukuxhomekeka ubize iinguqulelo ezintsha AF-N. lens Modern zixhotyiswe nge ukhululekile umsesane egxininisa, ngoko AF-N notation kubo isetyenziswa ayisekho.

Onencula-uhlobo AF-D

Lens kolu didi njengako "ingqondo" somgama ikhamera apho nakanjani. Isondlo, kwiimeko ezithile, kufuneka kunceda sokulinganisa inkqubo matrix ukumisela exposure ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi, ingakumbi xa usebenzisa ifleshi. Kodwa practice, onencula AF-D elinexabiso urhwebo ngaphezu practical. Ngaphezu koko, AF-D ubukho unokude kunokubangela i ukuzimisela olungachanekanga sesichengeni xa unotsheluza ze matrix (film) zikwinqanaba imigama ezahlukeneyo ukusuka sifundo.

ugxile isantya akunanto yakwenza ubukho okanye ukungabikho inkxaso AF-D lens entabeni. Yinto lens nje ngakumbi entsha, ngoko ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ababengaphambi zabo. Zonke AF-D-lens, kwakunye AF kunye AI-S, umsebenzi omhle kwi amagumbi neavtofokusnyh.

Canon EF

Onencula - nditshoyo, andithethi kuphela le mbono kunye "Nikon". Ezinye iinkampani nazo ziye inkqubo yabo lens interchangeable yentaba. Oyimbangi ongunaphakade - inkampani Canon - adume iintlobo efundisayo yentaba izakhiwo. Ngelo xesha, xa Nikon wakhuthaza inkqubo AI-S, «Canon» yayinawo se obalaseleyo entabeni EF.

Canon onencula wabonakala okokuqala kwi camera eos 650 ngo-1987, xa inkampani laqalisa uthotho ukuxhomekeka SLR camera. Le element yahlukile koontanga, ingakumbi phambi lwabafowunelwa zombane, apho lens ulawulo lolwazi ngesondo. Xa EF entabeni ulawulo iris mechanical, le AF drive kunye nezinye iipropati ashiywe. Kamva, inkqubo yolawulo efanayo uguqulelo ezisetyenziswa Olympus kwinkqubo ezine-esithathwini.

Canon EF-S

EF-S khetho inikeza ubude ukusuka ngasemva lens woluvo umfanekiso. Kuyinto iyahambisana inxalenye ne EF standard njengoko lens EF intaba ungasetyenziswa neseli EF onencula kunye EF-S.

Iinkampani onencula E Sony

E-entabeni i attachment brand "Sony" yophuhliso lens iikhamera mirrorless Alpha NEX iikhamera series NXCAM. Olu luphuhliso muva nje, eyaqaliswa ngo-2010 kwaye yaphunyezwa ukuba ixesha lokuqala Sony α uthotho yemveliso (NEX-3 iikhamera, -5). A ayiveli kwinkqubo uqhagamshelo E onencula yi desyatikontaktny interface wedijithali.

Onencula kunye index "E" lisetyenziswa kompaktkamerah mirrorless exhotyiswe matrices, umgangatho umfanekiso engekahlawulwa kwinqanaba "SLR". Kwangaxeshanye SLR camera "Sony" A iinjineli onencula sebenzisa kwinkqubo lens kakuhle interchangeable izibuko semitransparent. Ezi nkqubo zimbini zahluke ubukhulu ngokusisangqa ngaphandle ezinye iimpawu zoyilo. Le Umgama ukusuka indiza (matrix) ukuya ekupheleni lens. Lekhamera SLR kanye lens uluhlu okuphosela esipilini, ngoko umgama yokusebenza enkulu lufumaneka, kwandisa ubukhulu bomzimba se interchangeable. Kuba izixhobo onencula E isipili ingafuneki, ngoko ke lens kukhanya compact kakhulu.

Ayahambisana iimveliso ezivela kwezinye kubenzi

Ukuze ukumangala abayili Japanese abazange balandele indlela yayo, banyula isicwangciso phandle. Ngeempawu ezicacileyo zolu phuhliso, njengoko Sony E onencula, ukuvumela ukuvelisa amaqhoshana ezizodwa adibanayo ilens kunye phantse naziphi imidlalo mihla kumaqumrhu zilandelayo:

• pentax;
• Olympus;
• Nikon;
• leica;
• Hasselblad;
• Exakta;
• Minolta AF;
• Canon EF;
• contarex;
• Contax;
• Rollei;
• Micro 4: 3;
• Yangaphakathi T-entabeni, C uhlobo, M39 × 1, M42 × 1 kunye nabanye.

Ngo-2011, le nkampani yavula isixhobo ethile efana Sony lens entabeni, nto leyo yenza ukuba iinkampani zeqela lesithathu ukuvelisa iilensi zabo phantsi ikhamera Japanese.

isiphelo

Xa uqala kuqala, ilens entabeni ayikho Nngokobuchwepheshe ulwakhiwo enzima. Nakuba kunjalo, iyunithi lenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo. It likuvumela ukuba utshintshe iintlobo lens kuxhomekeka imisebenzi eyenziwa, kunye noyilo ekrelekrele, elula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngakumbi a optic indawo. Umsebenzi wesibini ebalulekileyo - ukukhutshelwa kolwazi yedijithali kwizisele mihla esebenzisa uqhagamshelana zombane phezu lens onencula ovumela lens ikhamera ukuba uhambisana ukufumana ubuninzi iifoto umgangatho okanye iividiyo.