Uxhathiso yangaphakathi umbane. Resistance - formula

Le yangoku yombane umqhubi kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo ibangela asendle yombane ebizwayo amasuntswana esiza evakalala kwi indlela yokuhamba. Ukudala yamasuntswana lwangoku - yingxaki enkulu. Ukuze kwakhiwe isixhobo ukuba uya kulifeza umahluko phakathi nekhono of entsimini sikarhulumente efanayo ixesha elide - umsebenzi kwaba amandla kwabantu kude kuye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII.

Imizamo yokuqala

Ilinga "ukonga umbane" yokuqala ukuya phambili ngophando lwakhe kunye nokusetyenziswa zenziwa kwi-Netherlands. German Ewald UJürgen von Kleist kunye umDatshi Pieter van Musschenbroek abaqhuba uphando lwabo kwidolophu Leiden, wadala capacitor yokuqala ehlabathini, kamva ngokuba "Leyden imidlalo".

Ukuqhubeka of kagesi sele olugcinwe ukukhuhlana ngoomatshini. Sebenzisa wokuqhuba ngokusebenzisa umqhubi sicelo ethile, ngokwanelisayo elifutshane, ixesha lekhefu.

Uloyiso ingqondo zabantu angazinto zexeshana, ezifana nombane, kwaba yotshintsho olululo.

Ngelishwa, kwaba ligazi ukumpompoza (umbane eveliswa capacitor) lathatha mfutshane kangangokuba ukudala ngoku ngqo abakwazanga. Ukongeza, le ombane eyanikelwa capacitor ngcembe unciphisa, nto leyo eshiya ithuba lokufumana lwangoku oluqhubekayo.

kwafuneka ukuba ukufumana enye indlela.

Lo mthombo wokuqala

Italian imifuniselo Galvani wafunda 'umbane yezilwanyana "iinzame original ukufumana umthombo yendalo yamandla kwindalo. Ulenga imilenze frog uzilungiselele kwi lwaso metal neefolokhwe intsimbi, watsalela ingqalelo impendulo uphawu le kwalapho.

Nangona kunjalo, izigqibo Galvani umohlwayileyo enye Italian - Alessandro Volta. Nomdla inamathuba okuvelisa umbane evela izinto zezilwanyana, nto wayeqhuba uthotho experimenti ngamasele. Kodwa ke isiphelo yaba malunga epheleleyo yeengcinga zakhe zangaphambili.

Volts uphawuleka ukuba esiphilayo sisalathisi kuphela yokumpompoza zombane. Xa isivumelwano imilenze izihlunu ngoku, ebonisa umahluko enokubakho. Umthombo yasendle yombane wajika ayaba zoqhagamshelwano metal. Ziqhubeka ngaphandle ke kwiqela imichiza, kokukhona isiphumo.

Iipleyiti zesinyithi ezingafani wabeka idiski iphepha buzane yesisombululo electrolyte, ukudala ixesha elide elifunekayo isakhono umahluko. Kwaye ukuba oko ephantsi (1.1 V), kodwa ngoku yombane iza kufundwa ukulungiselela ixesha elide. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ombane zagcinwa rhoqo yonke imihla.

Kwenzeka ntoni

Yini na kule mithombo, ebizwa ngokuba "iiseli electrochemical", wabiza le isiphumo?

electrode ezimbini metal wazibeka yokwambathisa, ukudlala iindima ezahlukeneyo. Mhlanguli elektroni, omnye wamkela kubo. Inkqubo redox reaction ikhokelela agqithisile elektroni kwi electrode mnye, ekuthiwa ipali elibi, kwaye isiphoso yesibini, zibonakaliswe njenge terminal umthombo entle.

In abasabela galvanic cell igcwala kakhulu elula ezenzeka kwi electrode mnye, okubuyisela - phezu kwezinye. Electron ufika i electrode ukusuka inxalenye olungaphandle wesekethe. Le electrolyte kuyinto entle ngoku ngaphakathi umthombo ion. mandla ukumelana ekhokelwa ngexesha lenkqubo.

Copper-zinc element

Umgaqo nokusebenza iiseli electrochemical umdla ukuqwalasela umzekelo sobhedu-zinc galvanic inyathelo iseli leyo kunxamnye zinc amandla kunye sulfate ubhedu. Lo mthombo ipleyiti yobhedu ibekwe isisombululo of sulfate ubhedu, i electrode zinc egxile kumxube zinc sulfate. Izisombululo ohlulwa pad aneentunja ukuphepha okuxuba, kodwa hayi ukuba echukumisayo.

Ukuba wesekethe ivaliwe, umaleko umphezulu zinc into oxidized. Xa inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye zinc athom ulwelo yaba ion kuvela kwi isisombululo. Kwi i electrode, bekhululwe elektroni, nto leyo ukuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni yangoku.

Ukufumana i electrode yobhedu, electron zinenxaxheba basabela ekunciphiseni. Ukususela isisombululo phezu komphezulu umaleko ion yobhedu kufika isenzo kokuba ziguqulwa zibe atom zobhedu efakwe kwi kwipleyiti yobhedu.

Shwankathela oko kwenzekayo: nokusebenza kwinkqubo iseli ihamba yenguqu electron reductant ukuya oxidant inxalenye olungaphandle chain. Ukusabela zenzeke electrode ezimbini. Ngaphakathi umthombo kwemali ion yangoku.

ubuxhakaxhaka ukusebenzisa

Enyanisweni, nayiphi na abasabela kunokwenzeka redox ungasetyenziswa neebhetri. Kodwa izinto okwaziyo ukusebenza kolu tyalo ngezinto zobugcisa, hayi kangako. Ngaphezu koko, ukusabela ezininzi zifuna iindleko izinto zexabiso.

neebhetri Modern kufuneka isakhiwo esilula. electrode ezimbini ezibekwe electrolyte enye ekugcwaliseni isitya - ityala ibhetri. iimpawu ezinjalo lula isakhiwo kunye nokwehlisa amaxabiso ezo iibhetri.

Nawuphi na iseli electrochemical unako ukwenza current ngqo.

ukumelana DC akavumi zonke ion ngaxeshanye vula i electrode, ngoko ke iyunithi isebenza ixesha elide. ekudibaneni kwemichiza ukuvelisa ion ekugqibeleni element ziyakupheliswa uthunyelwa.

Uxhathiso yangaphakathi umbane kubalulekile.

Incinane nje ukumelana

Ukusetyenziswa yangoku yombane, akukho mathandabuzo, izise inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe ukuya kwinqanaba entsha, wamnika inkxaso enkulu. Kodwa ke amandla kwinkcaso kwemali ngoku ufumana ngendlela yophuhliso enjalo.

Kwelinye icala, umbane uye iipropati gqitha asetyenziswe ekhaya Technology, kwelinye - kukho ukuxhathisa kakhulu. Physics njenge inzululwazi wendalo izama ukwenza uyondelelwano, ukulungelelanisa ezi meko.

kuvela nokumelana yangoku ukusuka eziqhubekekayo kwamasuntswana kagesi kunye into leyo apho ihamba. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo kwiimeko lobushushu oluqhelekileyo, akunakwenzeka.

ukumelana

Luvukelo yangaphakathi mthombo yangoku kwinkcaso kwiindawo zangaphandle kumphathi wesekethe ukuba indalo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngokulinganayo kwezi nkqubo i operation amanqaku ngokuthi ihamba isigxina.

Umsebenzi ngokwawo kuxhomekeke kuphela iimpawu umthombo nokuqulethileyo: iimpawu electrode kunye electrolyte, kwakunye kwiiyunithi beesekethe yangaphandle, ukungawi leyo ixhomekeke zejometri parameters kunye neempawu eekhemikhali eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, kweelana kwicingo metal kwandisa kunye ubude bayo kwaye unciphisa ngolwandiso indawo yecandelo. Ekusombululeni ingxaki, ukunciphisa indlela ukungawi Physics icebisa ukusetyenziswa izinto ezizodwa.

Imisebenzi yangoku

Ukungqinelana nomthetho esiyijowule e ababhexeshi ezabelwe imali ubushushu ngokomlinganiselo uxhathiso. Ukuba ubungakanani ubushushu Q ingabonisa _ext. , Inqaba ngoku mna, ixesha flow t, sifumana:

• Q _ext. = I ^{2 ·} r · t,

apho r - uxhathiso lwangaphakathi umbane.

In yonke yesekethe kuquka zombini iindawo ngaphakathi nangaphandle, imali iyonke ubushushu siyagxininiswa, ifomula yayo:

• Q _iyonke = I ^{2 ·} r · t + I ^{2 ·} R · t = I ^{2 ·} (R + R) · t,

Yaziwa njengoko zibonakaliswe resistance physics: yesekethe zangaphandle (zonke izinto ngaphandle umthombo) kukho ukungawi R.

umthetho Ohm kaThixo ngenxa chain epheleleyo

Cinga ukuba inkoliso umsebenzi imikhosi ngaphandle ukwenza umthombo yangoku. yobukhulu balo babulingana imveliso intlawulo olwenziwe yi endle, kwaye electromotive umthombo force:

• q · E = I ² · (R + R) · t.

eqonda ukuba ophethe lilingana lwemveliso yamandla yangoku ngexesha livela, kufuneka:

• E = I · (r + R).

Ukungqinelana ubudlelwane unobangela kunye nesiphumo umthetho Ohm kaThixo siyinikwe:

• I = E: (r + R).

Amandla zangoku kwi EMF yesekethe evaliweyo kisekiyo ngqo umthombo wamandla kunye nobukhulu ngokomlinganiselo uwonke (ewonke) ukumelana wesekethe.

Ngokusekelwe kulo mzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukumisela uxhathiso lwangaphakathi kunye nomthombo yangoku.

Wokuqhuba Umthombo capacitance

Ezona mpawu Inqununu imithombo kwaye ziquka umthamo nokukhutshwa. Inani lobuninzi umbane wafumana xa elisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ngokuxhomekeke yokumpompoza yangoku.

Kwimeko efanelekileyo, xa kuyenziwa approximations ethile, amandla obhobhozayo abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo rhoqo.

Umzekelo, ibhetri mgangatho 1.5 V umahluko enokwenzeka obhobhozayo nomthamo 0.5 Ah. Ukuba obhobhozayo yangoku 100 ma, ngoko esebenza iiyure ezi-5.

Zokufuya zibiza amabhetri

Ukusetyenziswa kwebhetri kukhokelela ekubhobhozeni zabo. ibhetri Recovery zibiza izinto ezincinane lwenziwa nosebenzela ixabiso ngamandla kabani na ngaphantsi kwesishumi lesixhobo wesingxobo.

Iindlela ezibiza zilandelayo:

• ukusetyenziswa current rhoqo okwexeshana kwangaphambili (16 iiyure 0.1 umthamo ibhetri yangoku);
• wehlisa current bamthethela kwixabiso kwangaphambili umahluko ezinokubakho;
• Sebenzisa kwemisinga azilingani;
• isicelo ezilandelelanayo la elifutshane ukuyolela kunye nokuphatha, apho lokuqala lingaphezulu yesibini.

umsebenzi wepraktikhali

umsebenzi ecetywayo: ukugqiba luvukelo lwangaphakathi kwemvelaphi lwangoku kwaye EMF.

Ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa kufuneka ligcinwe umthombo lwangoku, i ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat isilayidi, isethi ezingundoqo ngababhexeshi.

Ukusebenzisa umthetho Ohm ngenxa kwisiphaluka closed bayakumisela uxhathiso lwangaphakathi umthombo yangoku. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka uyazi ixabiso EMF yenkcaso rheostat.

Ibalwa formula ukumelana zangoku kwi inxalenye olungaphandle chain nga kumiselwa ukususela uMthetho Ohm ukuze subcircuit:

• I = U: R,

apho I - ezikhoyo kwisekethe elingaphandle, ilinganiswa yi ammeter; U - ombane kwi resistor lwangaphandle.

Ukuphucula ukuchaneka zomlinganiselo ezenziwe amaxesha ama-5 ubuncinane. Wenza ntoni na? I kulinganiswa ngexesha ombane experiment, ukumelana, yangoku (ngakumbi ngqo, ngoku) zisetyenziswa koku.

Ukuze ubone umthombo amandla amandla electromotive, sebenzisa into yokuba ombane kuzo kwiitheminali yayo xa umthambo evulekileyo phantse kulingana EMF.

Ukubeka kwempahla iibhetri series-elidityaniswe, resistors, iqhosha ammeter. Kwiitheminali umthombo ngoku ukudibanisa i voltmeter. Ukhupha utshintsho, ukususa ubungqina bakhe.

Luvukelo lwangaphakathi, nto leyo ifomula livela umthetho Ohm ukwenzela wesekethe iyonke, ukuchaza izibalo:

• I = E: (r + R).
• r = E: I - U: I.

Imilinganiselo zibonisa ukuba uxhathiso lwangaphakathi mncinci kakhulu olungaphandle.

Umsebenzi esebenzayo ibhetri kunye ibhetri unalo isicelo ngokubanzi. ukhuseleko obungenakuphikiswa kokonakaliswa iinjini zombane Alithandabuzeki, kodwa ukwenza ibhetri capacious, ergonomic - ingxaki physics mihla. isigqibo sayo iya kukhokelela ingasetyenziswa kwithuba elilkunyeelayo lokuba uphuhliso lobugcisa ngomatshini.

Compact, ayisindi ophezulu-umthamo neebhetri nazo zibalulekile kwizixhobo mobile elektroniki. ubonelelo eneji esetyenziswa kubo ezinxulumene ngqo ukusebenza imveliso.