USimone Martini: I-Biography kunye nobuCala

I-Italy yazisa abaculi behlabathi abahle kakhulu, abaye badala ubugcisa. Omnye wezobugcisa bepeyinti wahlala "entliziyweni yaseItaly" uSimone Martini. Kwakungelula ukufunda i-biography yakhe. Zonke iirekhodi ezishiye malunga naye kwakufuneka zifunyenwe kumaphepha kunye nokukhankanywa ngabantu belo xesha.

Nangona kunjalo, kwakunokwenzeka ukubuyisela ixesha kunye neemeko ezivela ebomini bukaSimone Martini, nangona eli bali lento yonke ayilula. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho imibuzo, kukho ikhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemisebenzi yomdwebi, unokubonisa umfanekiso wakhe ophambili-ubomi.

Qala

Ngelishwa, i-biography kaSimone Martini iqala ngokufa. Lo ngumhla kuphela ochanekileyo abaphandi abaye bakwazi ukuwufumana. Kwenye yeehedeni zeSiena - San Domenico, iirekhodi zafunyanwa, ngenxa yoko kwaziwa ukuba umculi omkhulu wafa apha ngo-Agasti 4, 1344. Umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe akunakwenzeka ukwazi. Phantse kuphela ngonyaka uyaziwa - 1284th. Uchongwa ngokuphathelele ulwazi oluboniswe kwingcwaba lomdwebi: ulwazi luthi uMartini wafa eneminyaka engama-60.

Kubonakala

Eminye imibuzo iphakama malunga nokubonakala kweNtaliyane. Umhlobo wakhe obalaseleyo, uPetrarch owaziwayo, wathi uSimone wayengamhle. Abaphandi banquma ukukhangela umfanekiso womdwebi kwiindawo zakhe. Omnye wambona ngoKrestu phambi kukaPilato, umntu wambona emfanekisweni wesandla. Imbonakalo ebonakalayo inokwenzeka kwi fresco "Ummangaliso wovuko lwenkwenkwe".

Iminyaka yokuqala engama-30

Ngelishwa, akukho nto iyaziwa ngeli xesha lobomi bomdali. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingcamango ezithi uSimone wazalwa kwisixeko saseSiena. Uyise wayengumgca wendawo ohlala kuyo olungiselele umgca weefrescoes. Ininzi, mhlawumbi, yilokho eyakhokelela umculi kwizithuba ezizayo.

Kunokwenzeka ukuba ubugcisa benkwenkwe efundwe kwi-workshop yaseDuccio, kodwa udumo lwafika kumdali emva kokudalwa kwe "Maesta". Ngoku unyaka wokupapashwa kwalo mgca uyaziwa - 1315th. Ezi nkcukacha zifunyenwe kwifom yefresco. Nangona, ukuba loo msebenzi wawuyalelwe ngabaphathi besixeko, kuyacaca ukuba umdwebi usenokuba negama elihle. "I-Maesta" ihleli ePalazzo Pubblico. Ukuhlobisa le ndawo kungaphethwe kuphela ngabaphathi bezakhono zabo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umculi, esebenzayo kwimisebenzi yakhe, uzame ukubonisa konke okusemgangathweni kunye nokwenene. Olu hlobo lubonakaliswa kwimisebenzi yakhe. Ngoko ke, emva kokufumana omnye umyalelo kumagosa asezidolophini ukuba abonise iinqaba, waya khona, ukuze angaboni nje ngamehlo akhe into yobugcisa, kodwa ukuba aphinde aphile nomoya wokulwa nokulwa. Wayebutha umkhonzi wakhe, wahamba ngehashe. Emva koko kufakwa iFresco kwiholo leMappomondo sele sele liye ngo-1331. Ngoku ufundela nomsebenzi kunzima kakhulu, kuba kuthathwa njengotshabalalisiweyo, nangona abaphandi banethemba lokuyifumana.

Amaqiniso

Ngelishwa, a baninzi kubo. Ukuzama ukuhlaziya ubomi bukaSimone Martini, unokukhubeka kwiedatha ezibonisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwaziwa ukuba umdwebi wabuyela e-Assisi. Kwaye kwenzeka oko ngo-1310. Apho wenza umsebenzi, wayibhenca ibandla laseSan Francesco ngeglasi egciniweyo. Kamva apha wadala waza wabubula.

Kukho ulwazi lokuba iMartini yayiseNaples ixesha elithile, nangona kungekho bungqina bombhalo. Uhambo lwakhe oluya kwesi sixeko ludibaniswe nomyalelo we-altare laseNaples ekuzukisweni kwe-canonization kaLouis Toulouse.

Isitayela

Kwiminyaka elishumi, abaphandi bakwazi ukufumana iqoqo elikhulu lemifanekiso emthini, okukuvumela ukuba ulandele utshintsho emsebenzini kaSimone. Iifrescoes ezenziwe e-Assisi zineentlobo ezithile zeempawu ze-proto-Jotttish, kodwa imisebenzi eyenziwe kamva inikwe isitayela se-gothic. Olu tshintsho litshintshile nje kuphela imiqulu, kodwa imvelaphi kunye nemigca kwimisebenzi.

Kubuchule beli xesha, sinokuzibandakanya ngokukhuselekileyo kubandakanya i-polyptych ezimbini kwicawa yaseSanta Catarina kunye ne-museum e-Orvieto. Nangona abaphandi bangaphinda baqhuba uhlalutyo lwamagama, olubonisa ukuba i-polyptych yokugqibela ibuyele kuma-1320. Ngendlela, ubunzima bokufunda lo msebenzi kubakho ngenxa yokuba abancedisi abaninzi ekudalweni kwalo msebenzi baye baqulunqwa.

Sebenzi e sebenza

Kwimiqulu yesixeko kwakukho nolwazi malunga neentlawulo kumdwebi. Yaye umvuzo wenziwa rhoqo, oko kuthetha ukuba eSiena umculi wasebenza ngokunyanisekileyo. Ngokukhawuleza kuboniswe kunye nomsebenzi uMartini afumana ngayo imali, kwaye kunzima ukuyiqonda, ezinye zilahlekile.

Kukho ulwazi olwenziwe nguSimone ngemali yokulungiswa kwendalo yakhe "Maesta". Inyaniso kukuba i-fresco yachithwa ngenxa yobumanzi obumanzi. Kwakhona, umculi ufumene iimali zokupenda umnqamlezo, owawujoliswe ukugqitywa omnye umdali. Ngokusoloko ngo-1322, uMartini wathola imali ngomsebenzi ayenzela iPalazzo Pubbliko.

Ubomi bomntu

Umtshato womdali waseNtaliyane kwenzeka ngo-1324. Umthandi wakhe wayenguGivanna, intombi kaFilippuccio. Sinokucinga ukuba umtshato wawuhle kakhulu, ekubeni uMartini wathola imali eninzi ngemisebenzi yakhe. Ubungqina bokuba ngaphambi komtshato wathenga indlu yakhe yomfazi. Yaye isipho esinjalo sambethe ipenki enhle, wahlawula iiflorini ezingama-220 zegolide (ephindwe kathathu ngaphezu kwemali ayifumanayo ngomsebenzi wakhe omangalisayo nomfanekiso wenkqantosi).

Isipho esinjalo, mhlawumbi, kufuneka sichazwe njengombulelo kubaphathi. Emva koko, ngelo xesha umdwebi wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala, kwaye wakhethayo wayemncinci kakhulu. USimone wayekholelwa ukuba wayemele ambulele intombazana ngenxa yokuba wavuma ukutshata nomntu oneminyaka elide. Ngombulelo umtshato wakhe, umculi wakwazi ukusungula ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye neentsapho zikaLippo, onokubambelela kude kube sekupheleni komsebenzi wonke kaMartini. Ubonakaliso obubalaseleyo obunjalo obusondeleyo kunye nabafazi bomfazi wakhe ngumsebenzi othi "U-Annunciation kusuka kwi-Uffizi", apho iimpawu zeentsapho zeLippo zichazwe ngokucacileyo.

Ubuchule bentsapho

Emva komtshato, umculi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe osebenzayo ngokubhekiselele ekudaleni. Ngowe-1326, wadala i-toilevas enkulu, eyayibizwa ngokuba "yinto enhle kakhulu", kwaye umrhumo wayo wawuhloniphekile. Ngomnyaka olandelayo wakha umzobo wemigangatho emibini, ekhange, ngelanga, ayizange iphile kwixesha lethu. Bazinikezelwe kwindodana kaKumkani uRobert.

Ekupheleni kwe-1320s udala imisebenzi emibini, ekwabonakala ilahlekile. Umsebenzi wokuqala uzinikele kwiingelosi ezimbini kwaye wadalwa ePalazzo Pubblico, kwaye umsebenzi wesibini ubonisa umvukeli uMarco Regoli waza wafakwa kwiholo le-Consistory.

EFransi

UAvignon, idolophu encinane eProvence, ngokuba ixesha laba yindawo yezobugcisa behlabathi. Apha afika abadwebi baseYurophu yonke, bazisa imisebenzi yabo kunye neendibano zokusebenzela. Ngo-1336 uSimone weza apha. Nayi indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngumda woluntu, apho uMartini uzama ukusondela "kubantu abaphakamileyo". Wenza oko ngeendleko zobugcisa bakhe, ephethe imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu.

Ngelishwa, kukho ulwazi oluncinane malunga nomsebenzi kaMartini eFransi. Kukho amaxwebhu aseburhulumenteni abonisa indawo esebenzayo yobomi bomdali. Wayengububungqina beshishini lokuqeshisa, kwaye wayeyinkampani kumbambano wezomthetho.

Ngokuphathelele kwimisebenzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iziqwenga zawo zitholakala kwi-Notre-Dame de Dome, kwaye kukho amathuba okuba umculi abeke isandla sakhe ngaphambili kwincwadi yesicatshulwa seVil Virgil, eyayisoloko ilawulwa yiPetrarch. Kwaziwa kwakhona yile nqanawa ethi "Intsapho engcwele", e-Liverpool.

Ukufa

Njengoko uyazi, umculi wafa ngo-1344. Watshitshiswa phantsi "engathanga ukugula". I-Italiya yaqonda ukuba isiphelo sayo sisondele, ngoko ke iintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wenza intando apho wahlula yonke impahla yakhe phakathi kwezihlobo zakhe. Olu xwebhu luqinisekiswe ngumbhalisi waseFlorence-Galgani.

Annunciation

Udwebo uSimone Martini "Ukuvakaliswa kweSaziso" kwadalwa ngowe-1333. Umculi wayidala kwisibingelelo se-Ansania, esiseSiena. Imvelaphi yefresco yigolide, efanekisela isibhakabhaka, kunye nesigxina sikaMaria sinqatshelwe kwaye siphatheka. Ingelosi eyinkulu uGabriyeli iboniswa kwinqanawa njengomntu osebenzayo, iimpahla zakhe zikhula, kwaye amaphiko azuze ifom ehambahambayo. Inkcazelo (Simone Martini "Annunciation") ayikho imfihlakalo kunye neminye imfihlelo. Umfanekiso uthumela into elula, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo liqaqambile kwaye livela kuThixo.

Imifanekiso enokuthi ibonwe kwiifresco iyingqiqo. Umzo ngamnye uqobo luyi-crystal, inqabile kakhulu kwaye i-ethereal. ISaint Ansaniy kunye noJuliette, ngokuchasene noko, kuye kwaba yinto enamandla kwaye yinyani.

"Madonna"

Ufanelekele ingqalelo kunye nomsebenzi "Madonna". USimone Martini wadala umgca ongaqhelekanga, apho abaninzi babhekisela kwisithuba sokugqibela sokudala, ukukhula ngakumbi. Impawu emfanekisweni walo mdali ungumongo wegolide kunye ne-blue hues, ilayini ezithambileyo, imizila ebalulekileyo yomfanekiso kaMariya. I-Fresco igcina iimpawu zesitayela samaGothi, esasifumene nomdwebi ngexesha lokugqibela lomsebenzi wakhe.

Lo msebenzi wawuthandwa ngabalandeli abaninzi kunye nomlobi ngokwakhe - uSimone Martini. IHermitage yaba ngulovimba-mali, osuqala ngo-1911 ugcina umsebenzi ngaphakathi kwindonga.

Ezinye izinto

Imifanekiso ethandwa kakhulu nguSimone Martini yi-Maesta. Yena, mhlawumbi, wayengumsebenzi wokuqala wokuqala womdali. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba kwakukho ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zeDuccio ukuba lo mdwebo wobugcisa wenziwa. Umfanekiso unempawu ezichanekileyo oza kuzifumana kwiDuccio. Phakathi kwabo, utshintsho kwimbala, imilo kunye nemigca.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ubukho kwiqoqo lehlabathi lomzobo kaSimone Martini "Umfanekiso weLaura". Lo msebenzi wawunikezelwa kumhlobo womculi uPerrarke, owawisela umfanekiso wakhe othandekayo.

Unokuthetha okuninzi malunga nalo mculi. Ubunono bemvelo uSimone Martini, nangona ingaziwa kwada kwaphela, mhlawumbi kwezinye iindawo ezicatshangelwayo, kusalokhu kuqaqambile kwaye kubangel Umculi wenza "isipho" esikhulu kwiinkcubeko zehlabathi, kwaye imisebenzi yakhe igcinwe iimpawu ezenza kube lula ukufumanisa ubugcisa bukaMartini.