Zwe

Zwe - era ekuphuhliseni ubugcisa zamaxesha eYurophu, eyaqala ngo-1140 kwi-Ile-de-France (eParis kunye ndawo zilurhangqile) maziqhubeke de iminyaka malunga 1500-1550, enika indlela eya Renaissance. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo ebonakaliswa bokwakha Gothic kunye iifestile zeglasi anegazi, kodwa imikrolo, ukupeyinta, imizobo, imibhalo-ngqangi olukhanyayo.

Enye iisampulu ezigqamileyo isimbo - Notre Dame e Paris (yaseNotre-Dame de Paris).

Enyanisweni, lo sesakhiwo kwelo xesha yaba sisiphumo kwingxaki zobunjineli. Indlela yokugubungela iindawo ezinkulu ngokugabadelayo yi ilitye? Nangona iicawa ezininzi kumaXesha Aphakathi yokuqala waba iisilingi wayigubungela ngomthi, izakhiwo ezininzi ilitye nasemagumbini semi-zezindlu (arch ngeenxa) okanye iimbambo ubudoda. Iindonga kwakhiwa ngokuyimfuneko obukhulu kakhulu, unako ukumelana nokuhlaselwa bangaphandle, kunye neefestile ezincinane - yeyona iimpawu olwenze isimbo Romanesque.

Gothic yavela ngokuyintloko bokwakha, kunye ukwakhiwa ngo-1130 kwi-Abbey Church of St. Denis.

Ngenxa ezintsha imifuniselo nabayili bezakhiwo, i-1110 yee-, wajika ukusasaza udonga (on kumacandelo), nokusebenzisa izakhi "mobile" entlanganweni indawo - umzekelo, wakhomba neengqameko, kwafuneka ngokuchaseneyo isekela kwicala esezantsi setyhula eziya kubavumela ukuba ukuziqhelanisa lula ukuba iifestile nobubanzi nokuphakama ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo zaphuhliswa iseti lilitye iimbambo ukuba awabe ubunzima kwikholam yaye sinikela phantsi emhlabeni, nezingqameko litye ukuba oko kwenziwe lula kwaye thinner.

Iindonga vula zibekwe iifestile ezinkulu. Xa sha 1170, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu, enezixhaso flying yaqala ukuvela (kwinqugwala yokugcina engaphandle, uhlobo enezixhaso), ezinxulumene kakhulu ezakhiwe zwe. Flying inkqubo enezixhaso inamacandelo amabini ezingundoqo: a nkqo ibloko enkulu wamatye (support) evela ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kunye segmental kwicandelo arch okanye ukuphelisa umsantsa phakathi inkxaso kunye nodonga.

style zwe lokuhlela, ngokungqinelana ezintathu ezingundoqo: ekuqaleni (okanye French Gothic), oqolileyo (okanye phezulu ngalinye), yaye kamva, ebizwa njalo-"odangazelayo" Gothic.

Igama "Gothic" (elivela kwigama Italian "Gothic" - engaqhelekanga, zobukrwada) banikwa nenkcubeko Ixesha Renaissance wezakhiwo kunye enye ingcali yale yobuciko Dzhordzho Vazari. Ngenxa yoko, wathi wavakalisa isimbo bangafuni, ukuthelekisa kunye art samandulo. Kakade ke, ngemihla namhlanje yovavanyo zityekele of Vasari sele akukho mntu wahlulelene, kodwa igama kuzinza kakuhle, ngokuthe ngcembe naturalized, esehlelwa overtone elibi. Kule Renaissance, ubugcisa Gothic wabizwa ngakumbi njenge "isimbo isiJamani" - definition, ingumnini yi Vasari.

Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba ngenxa yemisebenzi Goethe ukuba sizinikele bokwakha isiJamani, ngenene kwathathwa njenge zobugcisa kazwelonke, kwakunye kwamanye kwamanye amazwe. Oku kuboniswe vandlakanyo lutsha nokunakana art ephakathi.

Achaze bezakhiwo ukuzithemba kumantla eFransi, yaye kungekudala lonke elaseYurophu, bakhuphisana uhlobo ngokobuhlanga ngenxa kuloyiso eziphakamileyo. iseti ngalinye yecawa entsha, njengokuba umthetho, kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kwe kweemitha ezimbalwa, ababengaphambi yayo.

Ukuphakama ngaphakathi kuloo ndlu yecawa kwintloko ingcamango lamaKristu - ithemba ngokuphambuka ukonwaba kwihlabathi basemhlabeni kwihlabathi wasezulwini.

izakhiwo zwe ichazwa umgaqo. Umfanekiso kakhulu Bayifaka, ubuncinane xa usaqala. Ngomhla lwefacade zeecawa ezinkulu, ngokukodwa phaya portal, saqhubeka ukwenza amacangci ezinkulu, kodwa ezibangqongileyo amalungiselelo imiqolo eqingqiweyo.

wamava izakhiwo ziyanyuswa kwaye izityebi iifestile zeglasi nebala, maxa wambi eziquka ukuphakama yonke sakhiwo. Zazihonjiswe izicaphulo eBhayibhileni, ngabantu abathile abangcwele, amanani abaprofeti kunye nabanye abantu abathile zonqulo, iifestile efafazwe-iglasi na injongo ephambili kwimbono isonto njenge IsiShwankathelo ukholo lwamaKristu. Ebudeni benkulungwane weshumi, uphawu mandatory ezininzi Cathedral yi Window- omkhulu "intyatyambo iRose", apho baboniswa ekumbindi kaThixo, Iisus Hristos, iNtombi uMariya engqongwe Cosmos.

Ngenkulungwane ye-14, zokulindela Renaissance, Gothic wafumana ezinye iimpawu yehlabathi. Enye ngabameli inkulu eli xesha Simone Martini.

Kule minyaka-400 we-Gothic bagqobhoza zonke iintlobo zobugcisa. Shamrocks, wachaza neengqameko, nezinye izinto zokwakha wabonakala phezu ezithile, iimpahla zonqulo, amangcwaba, nezambatho abazizityebi zokomoya, diptych ezixabisekileyo, kwakunye nezincedisi behlabathi - ifanitshala, izitya.