URosalind Franklin: Biography, Neminyaka yobomi, igalelo kwinzululwazi. DNA Lady ukhohlwe

URosalind Elsie Franklin - semichiza akrelekrele baseBritani izifundo zabo ziye zinikwe indlela ephambili ubume deoxyribonucleic acid nangokobungakanani yaqinisekisa imodeli Watson diffraction X-ray - Crick. Wafumanisa ukuba kukho iimolekyuli iDNA uhlobo ngaphezu kwesinye.

URosalind Franklin: engobomi emfutshane, iifoto

URosalind wazalelwa e-London ngoJulayi 25, 1920, lo wesibini kubantwana abahlanu yentsapho ezaziwayo-kakuhle Anglo-yamaYuda. Uyise, Ellis Franklin yayikunye nesebe ebhankini "Keiser", enye yezona nkampani zinkulu owned usapho-(omunye ukupapasha "Routledge and Kegan uPawulos"). Yena nenkosikazi yakhe uMuriel ziye ubesoloko ethatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yoluntu wesisa ngokoluvo kunye nezinye. URosalind Franklin (ifoto kweli nqaku ngezantsi) wayefunda Girls School eSt kaPawulos, nto leyo ilungiselela abafundi ukulungiselela amakhondo omsebenzi elizayo, hayi nje ukuba umtshato. Yena lula izibalo nenzululwazi, kwaye iilwimi zasemzini (ekuhambeni kwexesha ahlelwe kubanjwe isiFrentshi, Italian kunye nesiJamani). Ngokungafaniyo polyglots ezininzi, yena umnakekeli yendlebe umculo. Gustav Holst, umculo umlawuli School St. uPawulos., Xa waphawula ukuba URosalind ukucula iphucukile phantse oluwe ithowuni. Franklin yentsapho kwikhefu iihambo ukunyuka intaba, kunye nokhenketho wayengomnye neenkanuko zayo ubomi, kunye travel angaphandle.

ISifundo eCambridge

Ngokutsho kunina, ubomi bam bonke URosalind wayesazi kakuhle apho khona, yaye ezilishumi elinesithandathu wakhetha inzululwazi umxholo wayo. Musa ufuna enye ngonyaka ukulungiselela kholeji ngo-1938, wayeka esikolweni ukuya Newnham, omnye iikholeji abafazi ezibini kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. noyise akazange, njengoko abathile imithombo abathi bachasane ngaloo, nangona wakwazi ukuba naye ukukhetha ikhondo emveli angaphezulu. E Cambridge, Franklin ngugqirha chemistry ngokwasemzimbeni. iminyaka wakhe umfundi, kufanele ukuba kwenzeka kwesesibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Ootitshala abaninzi ke inxaxheba kuphando emkhosini. Amanye amazwe (umzekelo, eziphilayo maks Peruts) bavalelwa basemzini. Kwincwadi mnye, Franklin waphawula ukuba "phantse zonke Cavendish unyamalele; eziphilayo phantse funda yi amaJamani awaba nako ukuphila. "

ngaphambili

Ngowe-1941, URosalind Franklin wafumana isidanga seBachelor, inkxaso-mali yokufunda ukuze unyaka omnye isibonelelo kunye yoPhando Scientific and Industrial neSebe. Waye wachitha ixesha elabhoratri Norrish, uvulindlela adumileyo photochemistry. Ngowe-1942, xa imfazwe usaqhubeka, Franklin kwafuneka ukuba uxele ukuba ingaba kufuneka uthathe umsebenzi yemveli zomkhosi okanye ukuqhuba uphando endle efanelekileyo iimfuno imfazwe ithemba ubugqirha. Wakhetha yokugqibela, kwaye ihlobo baqalisa ukusebenzisana elisandul 'ukusekwa uphando umbutho amalahle British (BCURA).

URosalind Franklin: A Biography of the sisazinzulu

Kule minyaka mine izayo, Franklin wasebenza nokucacisa emincinci of carbons ezahlukeneyo kunye hydrocarbon, ukuba bachaze ukuba kutheni ezinye zazo akubonakali ngakumbi amanzi, iigesi kunye izinyibilikisi, kwakunye njengoko kuchaphazela indlela zokufudumeza carbonization. Kolu phando lwabo, oko kwabonisa ukuba pores amalahle kwinqanaba molekyuli kufuneka constrictions ezingcakacileyo leyo ukwandisa kunye lokushushubeza iyohluka, kuxhomekeka kwisiqulatho carbon. Benza njengoko "ukusefa emolekyuli", ngokulandelelana uvimba kwii kwezinto, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani eziphilayo. URosalind Franklin waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuchonga ulinganise emincinci ezi. umsebenzi wayo ezisisiseko ukuba lokuhlela kunye namalahle ngokuchanileyo eliphezulu ukuqikelela intsebenzo yabo. Intsebenziswano Franklin BCURA zinika ithisisi zobugqirha yakhe. Uye wafumana iziqu zakhe zobugqirha eCambridge ngowe-1945, yaye babhala amaphepha enzululwazi ezintlanu.

Ukufudukela France

Emva kwemfazwe, URosalind Franklin waqalisa ukufuna omnye umsebenzi. Yena ukufumana isithuba sengqesho kwi Paris elebhu uJacques Mering. Apho wafunda ukuhlalutya amalahle ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo X-reyi, kwaye wayeqhelene ngokusondeleyo ne-buciko. umsebenzi wakhe kunye nenkcazelo eneenkcukacha isakhiwo nje graphitized kunye carbons graphitized wanceda lwenze isiseko kuphuhliso carbon ifayibha kunye nezinto ezintsha ubushushu-ukumelana wamngenisa udumo lwakhe ngamazwe phakathi ekhemisi zamalahle. Wabuqonda ukuthanda inkcubeko Collegiate zobungcali ye-Central Laboratory waza wafumana nabahlobo abaninzi apho.

Buyela ku England

Nangona yena yayonwabe kakhulu eFransi, ngowe-1949, URosalind Franklin waqalisa ukufuna umsebenzi ekhaya. Itshomi yakhe Charlz Kolson, ekhemesti yeengcingane, wacebisa ukuba azame ukuba "iindlela X-ray diffraction yophando" neemolekyuli ezinkulu eziphilayo. Ngowe-1950 yena wawongwa mali seminyaka emithathu-Turner kunye Newell ukuba basebenze kwiSebe Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla kwi likaKumkani College London. Randall izicwangciso ukuba Franklin uya crystallography Front liya kwenza uhlahlelo iiprothini. Noko ke, ecetyiswa Assistant eliyiNtloko kwelebhu ka Maurice Wilkins, Randall wamcela ukuba enze uphando DNA. Wilkins iye nje waqalisa ukusebenza kunye X-ray diffraction kwezinye iisampuli elungileyo ngokungaqhelekanga of molecule ikhowudi yezofuzo. Ke kulindeleke ukuba baya kusebenzisana Franklin, kodwa yena akazange atsho.

DNA picture

Uphando deoxyribonucleic acid inxaxheba kuphela yena umfundi onesidanga Raymond Gosling. ulwalamano lwakhe Wilkins wahlaselwa ngokungaqondi (kwaye mhlawumbi ekruqukile Franklin Collegiate inkcubeko eyunivesithi). Kusetyenziswana Gosling, URosalind isiba DNA imifanekiso ecacileyo ngakumbi X-reyi, kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafumanisa ukuba iifom emanzi neyomileyo wokunikela imifanekiso eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Le fom emanzi wabonisa isakhiwo, ukuza kunye Kwicala elingaphandle kuzo phosphate imixokelelwane ribose. olwalo uhlalutyo nokungokwezibalo diffraction ngokwaseburhulumenteni owomileyo, Noko ke, akazange atyhile isakhiwo eso, yaye uye uchithe ngaphezu konyaka ukuzama ukucombulula iingxaki. Ngu ekuqaleni kuka 1953, weyiseka ukuba iifom ezimbini babe ahamba ezimbini.

laureates inkumbulo

Ngelo xesha, le Cavendish Laboratory e Cambridge, Frensis Krik kunye Dzheyms Uotson wasebenza kuzo kwimodeli theoretical component DNA. Hayi ukuba ukunxibelelana Franklin, ngoJanuwari 1953, baye bafunda izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid kwesinye X-ray, nto leyo wababonisa Wilkins, kwakunye nesishwankathelo kwayo amaphepha lushicilelwe kwafakwa i-Medical Research Council. Watson and Crick akandixelelanga ukuba wabona izinto waza wavuma inxaxheba yayo ngomsebenzi wabo kunye nokupapashwa umyalezo yakhe edumileyo ngo-Epreli. Kamva Creek wavuma ukuba entwasahlobo ka-1953, Franklin waba ongangokugibisela ilitye ukusuka ulwazi ngesakhiwo oluchanekileyo DNA.

Nezifundo ngeentsholongwane

Ngexesha Franklin ivumile ukuba ukudlulisela yokufunda Laboratory yayo Crystallography Bernal kaThixo Birkbeck College, apho waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ngesakhiwo iintsholongwane yezityalo (umzekelo, icuba mosaic). URosalind bazenzela imifanekiso oluchanekileyo X-ray, esebenza neqela wenzululwazi, eziquka elizayo Nobel Prize Aron Klug. olwalo uhlalutyo diffraction yabonisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba intsholongwane genetic material (RNA) lafakwa iqokobhe yayo yangaphakathi zokukhusela proteinaceous. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisana kunye nabaphandi ezininzi, ingakumbi kwi-US. Franklin wenza uhambo ezimbini ubude ngowe-1954 nowe-1956 kwaye iye yaseka uthungelwano nabo elo lizwe liphela, kuquka Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom kunye Uendellom Stenli. namava akhe kulo mhlaba ingqalelo yi-Royal Institute ngo-1956, xa umqondisi wamcela ukuba ukwakha umfuziselo isikali intonga emile yaye ungqukuva iintsholongwane ukuba lo Mboniso Science World 1958 e-Brussels.

Ukugula, ukufa kunye nelifa

Ekuqaleni kowe-1956, Franklin kwafunyaniswa - somhlaza ovarian. Kwezi nyanga 18 ezalandelayo, yena watyandwa waza phantsi amanye amayeza. Yena waba ngamaxesha ambalwa woyekelelo, ngexesha apho waqhubeka ukusebenza elebhu lwakhe, olube lufuna izibonelelo iqela lakhe uphando. URosalind Franklin, DNA abenqophisene eLady, wafa eLondon ngoAprili 16, 1958.

Kuyo umsebenzi wakhe oneminyaka eli-16 iye yapapashwa amaphepha-19 lwenzululwazi emalahleni kunye carbon-5 kwi-DNA kunye 21 ntsholongwane. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yafumana izimemo ezininzi zokuthetha kwiinkomfa ehlabathini lonke. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi iintsholongwane ukuba ekugqibeleni kuzisa umvuzo kakuhle ikufanele ukubizwa kunye nokuqondwa nobungcali URosalind Franklin, ukugula kunye nokufa leyo lokhu.

Indima lokufumanisa yesakhiwo DNA

ngumbandela zenzululwazi Franklin xa amalahle chemistry kunye nolwakhiwo iintsholongwane kuphononongo zazibalulekile. ayephila bayo waqaphela oku ebomini bakhe emva kokufa kwakhe. Kodwa ingqalelo zikawonke wabangela indima yakhe kokufunyanwa lwesakhiwo DNA. Crick, Watson kunye Wilkins babelane iBhaso yeNobel ngo-1962 ngenxa Physiology okanye Medicine ngomsebenzi wakhe isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid. Emva koko mntu wacinga ka URosalind.

umsebenzi wakhe phezu DNA, mhlawumbi oko kwakuza wenzeka ukuba Watson na isidenge ngayo memoirs yakhe ngo-1968, epapashwe phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Double Helix". Apho ke wamisa "iinyaniso fun" malunga URosalind Franklin, kuboniswe phantsi kwegama Rose. Wachaza njengento rough, umfazi nekratshi - "bluestocking", nto leyo ngomona abomvu idatha yazo kumakholwane, nokuba wayengakwazi ulityhilayo. incwadi yakhe ethandwa kakhulu, nangona abaninzi manyala, kuquka Crick, Wilkins kunye Laynus Poling, ndakuqononondisa ukuwachaza, njengoko ababukeli abaninzi.

Ngowe-1975, umhlobo URosalind Enn Seyr lapapasha ngobomi equlathe Ukuphika nomsindo iingxelo Watson, yaye nendima Franklin lokufumanisa ubume be-DNA iyaziwa ngakumbi. amanqaku amaninzi nezinye bhanya baye bazama ukuba ukujonga ubungakanani nenxaxheba yalo kwiNdibano yePhondo 'kugqatso kweleli kabini ", ngokufuthi ichaze abe nkolo ezilwela, anqunyulwe a oogxa Nobel Prize-misogynous kunye nokufa kwakhe ekuqaleni. Noko ke, umbhali wakhe wesibini Brenda Maddox waphawula ukuba Kwakhona, ubuqili, apho ubulungisa ukuzimela ngokwalo URosalind Franklin, igalelo ngenzululwazi ye semichiza nakumaGrikekazi umsebenzi wakhe brilliant zenzululwazi.