Laynus Poling: engobomi, igalelo kwinzululwazi. Iimalthivithamini Linus Pauling kunye nohlaziyo ngazo

Enye yasekhemesti idumileyo American Laynus Poling na. Biography of umdla yakhe abahlali hayi kuphela eUnited States, kodwa abantu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Akumangalisi, ngenxa yokuba uphando iivithamini - izongezo zokutya zithandwa kangaka namhlanje. Kwaye mna ndithi, Laynus Karl Poling weza iziphumo umdla. Utsho sisazinzulu, owaba oyiphumeleleyo Amabhaso ezimbini Nobel, singathetha namhlanje.

Imvelaphi kunye ebuntwaneni Linus Pauling

Laynus Poling, ifoto kunye ngobomi linikwa kwi nqaku, wazalwa e Portland, Februwari 28, 1901 uyise womntwana lowo, yaba wemithi (iboniswe ngezantsi), kunye nomama wakhe - ngumama. Xa Linus wayeneminyaka eli-9 ubudala, uyise wafa. Ngenxa yoko, intsapho waba nzima ngokwalo eziphathekayo.

Laynus ros kurhoxiswa kunye nomntwana ngolwazelelelo. Yena bukela izinambuzane elide, kodwa ngokukodwa umdla Pauling izimbiwa. Kwakhe uzithandela latsala kwihlabathi amatye. Le amkhanuke yikristale kuvela ngamaxesha ebomini abadala: Izazinzulu ziye bafunda izimbiwa eziliqela, ngokusekelwe ingcamango yokuba wadala.

Xa ndandineminyaka engama-13 Pauling batyelela kuqala elabhoratri michiza. Oko wabona apho kwadlala indima enkulu kuye. Linus wagqiba ukwenza imifuniselo ngoko nangoko. Waboleka i "imichiza 'izitya ekhitshini kunye nonina, kunye negumbi lakhe sele indawo yophando.

College

Pauling wayengazange kokugqiba isikolo oko akuzange kumthintele ukuba uye Oregon College Agricultural, kamva similise kwiYunivesithi Oregon. Ngexesha lokuziqeqesha Linus kakhulu abanomdla kwezobuchwephesha imichiza. In wokuhlwa nobusuku kwakufuneka ukufumana ukuziphilisa. Pauling wayesebenza njengesicocisi yokutyela, kwakunye iphepha yokuhlela kushicilelo.

Linus waya ngobuciko. Prodigy waphawula ootitshala kunye junior wacela ukuba abe nomncedisi. Ekubeni Pauling waqalisa ukusebenza kwiSebe Uhlalutyo Quantitative. Emva konyaka, waba umncedisi kwi ukukhanda, chemistry izinto.

thesis doctoral, Scientist umsebenzi ekuqaleni

Laynus Poling ngo-1922 waba Bachelor of Science (Chemical Ubunjineli). Ukusebenza ithisisi zobugqirha yakhe, wacelwa ukuba California Institute of Technology, elise Pasadena. Yena ngobuciko wasivuna umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1925.

Isazinzulu Young waqala ukwenza umsebenzi kwi-Institute of Technology. Waba uprofesa umncedisi sele ngo-1927, unjingalwazi - ngo-1929 Ngowe-1931, Pauling wayesele unjingalwazi ngemichiza.

Uphononongo lwe X-ray crystallography

Ngeli xesha ke bafumana izakhono ezibalulekileyo kummandla X-ray crystallography. Linus lula ukufunda-X-reyi, ukuba bagubhe isakhiwo atom ezinto ngala wam amehlo. Olu lwazi kufutshane nohlobo zemfundo iqhina kwemichiza - intsimi engundoqo yokufunda yobomi. Waya eYurophu, apho watyelela izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle Munich - Sommerfeld, e Zurich - E. Schrödinger e Copenhagen - Niels Bohr.

Theory hybridization (ekuvakaleni kwelizwi)

Ngowe-1928, noLino wavakalisa imfundiso yakhe hybridization (ezahlukeneyo - theory ekuvakaleni kwelizwi). Yaba idabi ngokwenene chemistry noshowo. Ngeli xesha, kuseyinto engekasonjululwa ingxaki vangama ngesakhiwo neempawu khompawundi kwifomula michiza. Nangona yokuba izazinzulu avumelene ukusebenzisa liyahlasela ukubonisa ibhondi Valence, kukho ezininzi nokungaqiniseki. Inyaniso yokuba eneneni kwaba schemes ezinobunzima ezizotywe ephepheni.

Kungekudala kufuneka namagama ezongezelelweyo. Ngokukodwa, ukuba Kwakunxulumene polar, oko Ukongezelela ngotolo; ukuba oko ionic - on athom Ukongezelela, wabeka pluses kunye minuses. Noko ke, oku akuthethi uncedo kakhulu. Kwenzeka ukuba iipropati umfanekiso olwaneleyo kunye nesakhiwo esiphambili ezininzi molekyuli, ingakumbi ezintsonkothileyo, kufuneka asebenzise ifomula eziliqela zesakhiwo. Ingakumbi kube yimfuneko ukuba benzene ezintlanu. Ekubeni nganye ziqwalaselwe zodwa, akukho namnye wabo akazange akwazi ukuchaza iimpawu kunye nolwakhiwo compound enuka kamnandi.

Pauling ecetywayo ingcamango yayikukuba molecule ziziphumo livakale, okt zidlulela kwezinye izakhiwo ezininzi. Xa ngasinye kwezi zakhiwo ingakumbi uchaza iipropati ezahlukeneyo iikhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo eziphilayo.

Ngowe-1939 kwabonakala umsebenzi Linus "Uhlobo iqhina kwemichiza." Izazinzulu basebenzisa ingcamango quantum ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi ezijongene inzululwazi. Oku wamvumela ukuba achaze ezininzi izibakala eyahlukahlukeneyo ukusuka kwizikhundla emanyeneyo theoretical component.

yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha

Laynus Poling kwisiqingatha sesibini 1930 ku dyondza isakhiwo iimolekyuli ngokwesiseko theory ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Zathathelwa ingqalelo yayo njengoko izilwa-buhlungu, ingakumbi ukukwazi kwabo ukunikezela nezifo. Izazinzulu ziye zenza inani obafunyanwa kummandla olukhuni, zizifo, kunye ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, yena wafunda molecule mpilo. Laynus Poling ngo-1951 wapapasha inkcazelo yokuqala isakhiwo-ntathu ngemolekyula kweziyi (co-ibhalwe R. Korn). Yayifunyenwe X-ray crystallography data.

Isimo kwithiyori Pauling kwi-USSR

theory Pauling kuye kwabangela uqhwithela kwi USSR. Kwilizwe lethu, emva kokoyiswa ngeelwimi, oosonzululwazi ikhompyutha kunye zemfuza ezibekwe ngayo ukukhanda quantum, waza waba lixhoba laloo NKVD kunye nobume. Imfundiso livakale Pauling, kwakunye mesomerism theory K. Ingold, enxulumene nayo, oko bekujoliswe kuko eziphambili uhlaselo. ESoviet Union wathi Pauling imbonakaliso zinemoletyhule wokwenene njengoko umlinganiselo phakathi izakhiwo ezimbini okanye ngokugqithiseleyo ngakumbi abstract - ndinamaphupha, kwaye yoohlohlesakhe. Juni 11, 1951 kwabanjwa inkomfa Zonke-Union apho ingxaki ngesakhiwo kwemichiza ziye ingqalelo. Kwesi siganeko, ithiyori livakale lamoyisa.

Nobel Amabhaso kunye nezinye impumelelo Pauling

Noko ke, bafumana noLino kakhulu ziye zavavanywa amazwe. Pauling ngo-1954 wanikwa ngeMbasa kaNobel isifundo sakhe yohlobo iqhina kwemichiza, ngokunjalo isicelo yayo ku dyondza izakhiwo iikhompawundi. Kwaye ngo 1962 i-nzulu lafumana ibhaso kuba ixesha lesibini - njengoko ukulwa uxolo.

Pauling umbhali iimpapasho zobunzululwazi malunga 250 kunye neencwadi ezininzi, kuquka elikhethekileyo Ubunzulu elula textbook kwemithi mihla. Ngowe-1948, seempumelelo inzululwazi, waqala ukuba akhokele American Chemical Society, yaye kunyulwa National Academy of Sciences of the United States kunye neminye imibutho emininzi yenzululwazi kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

yokubuyisana

Kakhulu bazi usongo olubangelwa izixhobo zenyukliya kuluntu, noLino waqala ukulwa ngenkuthalo ekulweni zokudalwa kwezixhobo ezintsha zenyukliya. Le Isazinzulu phakathi lwabasunguli intshukumo Pugwash. Pauling ngo-1957 wegqitha isibheno ukuba uNobhala Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, esayinwe zizazinzulu 11.021 emele amazwe 49. Kwincwadi 1958 "Musani ukuya emfazweni!" Laynus Poling wavakalisa iimbono zakhe pacifistic.

NgoJuni 1961 sisazinzulu kunye nenkosikazi yakhe inkomfa eNorway (Oslo), umxholo apho - ekulweni kunyebeleziso izixhobo zenyukliya. Nangona unyango Linus ukuya Nikita Khrushchev, ngoSeptemba wonyaka mnye eSoviet Union kuqaliswe uvavanyo. Ke Matshi kunyaka olandelayo, zenjenjalo eUnited States. Emva koko ke sisazinzulu waqala ukwenza esweni radiation of yemisebe. Pauling labele ulwazi izinga linyukile ngesiqingatha kuthelekiswa neminyaka eli-16 edlulileyo ngo-Oktobha 1962. Ukongezelela, Pauling yaba isivumelwano esisayilwayo malunga nokuthintelwa kolu hlobo lovavanyo. NgoJulayi 1963, eSoviet Union, i-US kunye UK ziye wasayina.

Le Isazinzulu uyekile ukusebenza eCalifornia Institute of Technology ngo-1963 waza waqalisa ukusebenza amaziko ophando nezikho Santa Barbara. Apha waqalisa ukuhlangabezana neengxaki emfazwe kunye noxolo. Linus iye yenziwa uthotho experimenti kwi nokoyikiswa imisebe. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba izinto radioactive kunokubangela wegazi, umhlaza ithambo, umhlaza lengqula kunye nezinye izifo. Nangona isibakala sokuba Linus ngokulinganayo ngokukhutheleyo wabalahla iingalo ugqatso eSoviet Union kunye norhulumente US, ezinye iinkokeli zezopolitiko elondoloza wambuza ukunyaniseka kwakhe eUnited States.

Ngowe-1969, i-nzulu wayeka ukusebenza kwiYunivesithi yase California, apho kwenziwa izifundo zakhe iminyaka emibini. Wakwenza oko nxamnye oluqhubekayo Reagan, irhuluneli California, umgaqo-nkqubo zemfundo. Linus waqalisa ukusebenza kwi eStanford University uprofesa.

Personal Pauling impilo

Ngowe-1922, enye ingcali yenzululwazi etshate umfundi e Oregon Agricultural College - Ava uHelen Miller (photo kokuba kuboniswe ngezantsi). Zinelungelo intombi noonyana abathathu. Ngowe-1981, Ava uHelen wafa. Emva kokufa kwakhe Pauling wahlala eCalifornia e Big Sur apho indlu yabo lizwe.

Orthomolecular imithi Pauling

Pauling i lweli kwaye ndikhuthaze iyeza ekuthiwa orthomolecular. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba unyango yenziwa usebenzisa izinto ezisegumbini emzimbeni womntu. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukuze ndibe ngaphezu omnye okanye omnye sifo kufuneka nje ukutshintsha eyavela ngokuchanekileyo. Scientific Kwalo Institute Medical yasekwa ngo-1973 ukuba baphonononge iindlela okunyanga nokuthintela izifo ngokuthi ukudle idosi efunekayo of iiminerali neevithamini. Pauling wayekholelwa ukuba kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ukuba badle ukudla ivithamin C Ngo-1979 kwabonakala incwadi ukuba sisazinzulu ebizwa ngokuba "Umhlaza Vitamin C". Kuye etha ukuba ascorbic acid inceda ukumelana nesi sifo yingozi. Laynus Poling "Vitamin C kunye nempumlo esihambisayo" wadala kulo nyaka. Zombini ezi ncwadi badibana bedidekile inxalenye kumagqirha, kodwa baye kakhulu zithandwa.

Uphando Ascorbic Acid

Vitamins Dr. Linus Pauling sele abanomdla abadala. Study of ascorbic acid kunye namathuba ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango zezenzululwazi wanikela engama-30 yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, weza kwisigqibo sokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukuninzi kunempembelelo entle emzimbeni womntu.

Ngoko nangoko kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho namnye okumgangatho iivithamini uya kumsindisa na ukuba uphile ubomi mpilweni. Zingakotshwa kuthelekiswa kunye amabhanti. Xa umntu enxibe, oko nje kuthintela enqatheni likaxakeka, kodwa akukho ngqiniseko ride ekhuselekileyo. Iivithamini kwakhona ukunika kuphela ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa izenzo zabo - kubomi obunentsebenzo olude sisazinzulu njengoko Laynus Poling. Vitamin C, waphatha mali ka-18 grams ngemini, kunye novithamini E (tocopherol) - 800 IU, ukuqala elishumi yesixhenxe. Linus wakwazi Zinokuphila zide zibe neminyaka 93! Ngowe-1994, Laynus Poling wafa. biography emfutshane ngaye ibonisa ukuba akayi wayephethwe sisifo esibi.

Hi ndlela leyi, nkqu iqela eqatha bayavuma ukuba ascorbic acid iluncedo ngenxa yempilo. impikiswano enkulu iye ubuninzi kuphela isendleleni iminyaka emininzi, ekufuneka athathwe.

Yintoni na izibalo?

Academy of Sciences lithethelela ukuba oyindoda omdala inani ngemihla ka-60 mg ivithamin C Le migangatho Russian iyohluka, ngokuxhomekeka kubudala, isini kunye abathi mntu. Kuba abantu oko 60-110 mg kwabasetyhini - 55-80. Kwezi izixa ezikhulu kwaye akukho hypovitaminosis (nokopha, ukudinwa) okanye ukhwekhwe. Abantu pahla mg ngaphezu kwama-50 ascorbic acid ngosuku, ngokutsho manani, kukho iimpawu zokwaluphala eneminyaka engama-10 kamva ngaphezu kwabanye.

Vitamins Linus Pauling

Impendulo ngokusebenzisa bevela kulo lonke ihlabathi. Iivithamini ukuqinisa amajoni omzimba, ukunika imbonakalo elungileyo, umntu ophethe vivacity namandla, njengoko abantu bathi. Baya ngokubaluleka kuthandwa xa besitya zokutya. Sithetha malunga ezintsonkothileyo kuveliswa namhlanje, njengoko "Super Multi-Vitamins" UGqr Linus Pauling. Liphethe iivithamini ezingaphezu kwama-40, amacandelo esintu, iiminerali, ijeli yasebukhosini. Le yokugqibela unalo immunostimulating kunye anti-ukudumba iimpawu, kwaye kwandisa intsebenzo emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Iimalthivithamini Linus Pauling kucetyiswa arhente ukuqinisa. Esi sakhiwo ngowona mthombo olongezelelweyo iiminerali neevithamini.