Uhlalutyo X-ray - isifundo kobume kwezinto

Uhlalutyo X-ray indlela yophando zezixhobo zokwakha noshowo. Oku kusekelwe diffraction of beam X-ray kwi crystalline ezikrobeni ezikhethekileyo-ntathu. Xa isifundo usebenzisa ubude ngumtshangatshangiso esimalunga 1A elivumelana ubungakanani atom. Ndimele ndithi ukuba uhlalutyo X-reyi kunye neutron kunye electron diffraction iindlela kunxulumene ukumiselwa isakhiwo kweziyobisi.

Kuyanceda ukuba baphande isakhiwo atom, iqela sithuba yeyunithi yeseli, ubukhulu kunye nokumila, kunye njengeqela crystal macala. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela efunda izinyithi ezahlukeneyo aluminium zabo, iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, iiminerali, izixhobo amorphous, ulwelo kunye negesi. Kwezinye iimeko, kucazululo isakhiwo X-ray iiprotheni, ii-asidi acid kunye nezinye izinto.

Olu hlahlelo inceda ukuseka isakhiwo atom ngezinto crystalline leyo abe isakhiwo echazwe kakuhle kwaye i zendalo diffraction nothango lwaso lobhedu ye-x-reyi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphando ezinye analysis izinto ray kufuna ziikristale, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa kunzima ngokwaneleyo.

Le diffraction lwe -X-reyi yafunyanwa ngama Laue, isiseko theoretical component Wolf and Development Bragg. Yenza iipatheni ezifumaneka indima kuhlalutyo ezinikezelwa Debye ne Scherrer. Ndimele nditsho ukuthi ngoku kuhlalutyo X-ray yenye yeendlela zixhaphakileyo yokuqingqa isakhiwo kwezinto, kuba kulula ukwenza kwaye ayifuni iinkcitho ezibalulekileyo.

It ikuvumela ukuba uhlole kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo izinto, kunye nexabiso iinkcukacha ezithe zafunyanwa kwenza ukuqaliswa iindlela ezintsha. Ngenxa yoko, kuqala waqalisa ukufunda isakhiwo iziyobisi xa usebenzisa zithwala interatomic emva iindlela ngqo lokuhlahla kuphuhliswa izakheko crystalline zaye. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto zokuqala ezaye owafunda ngokusebenzisa-X ray sodium kunye potassium kloride.

Ekufundweni lwendawo isakhiwo kwiiproteni waqala 30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela kwi-United Kingdom. I-lwazi ezithathwe anikwa ukunyuka ezinto eziphilayo, elathi ukuchonga iipropati physico-chemical ibalulekileyo iiprotheni, kwakunye DNA ukwenza imodeli yokuqala.

Kunye imi--50 ngokubonakalayo waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ubuchule ibandla yekhompyutha inkcazelo ethe wafumana yi X-ray kwesakhiwo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sebenzisa synchrotrons. Bona imithombo monochromatic lwe -X-reyi zisetyenziswa zokukhanya le kwakheka. Eyona ngempumelelo ezi zixhobo basebenzisa indlela multi-kwamaza usasazeko anomalous. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zisebenza kuphela kumaziko ophando karhulumente. Kwiilebhu sebenzisa ubuchule enamandla ngaphantsi leyo isebenza kuphela ukungqinisisa umgangatho ziikristale, kwaye kwakhona nokufumana uhlalutyo ontlakantlaka izinto.