Inani Phylogenetic zamahashe - "icon" inkqubo yendaleko

Enye elaziwa kakhulu kwaye uninzi bafunda na ubungqina eziphili kwemvelo linani ungulates mihla odnopalyh phylogenetic. uyafumana Multiple ngezidalwa zamandulo kunye ezichongiweyo iintlobo yexeshana zinika ubungqina isiseko sale ngcelele zenzululwazi. Wachaza sebhayoloji Russian Vladimirom Onufrievichem Kovalevskim ngo-1873 kuthotho phylogenetic horse kwaye namhlanje i "icon" ye kwesayensi yendaleko.

Kwemvelo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane

Kwemvelo phylogenetic lwe thotho - oko kukuthi, ezilandelelanayo iifom yexeshana ekhokelela ukuyilwa iintlobo mihla. Xa inani leeyunithi ze thotho inokuba ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye, kodwa ukufumaneka iifom ngalinye lotshintsho yinto yokuqala efunekayo ukuze inkcazo yazo.

inani Phylogenetic lamahashe ekubhekiselwe ubungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela kungenxa yobukho kulandelelwano enjalo ngeemo, ngokubuyisela omnye. Nobuninzi yeziphumo ngezidalwa zamandulo ulunika iqondo eliphezulu ngokuqiniseka.

Imizekelo series phylogenetic

A Inani amahashe asingabo nje phakathi imizekelo ezichazwe. bafunda kakuhle kwaye iqondo eliphezulu ukuthembeka inani phylogenetic of neminenga neentaka. A impikiswano kuluntu yenzululwazi kunye kakhulu ukusetyenziselwa insinuations ezahlukeneyo populist phylogenetic linani zemfene mihla kunye nabantu. Iimbambano kwesikhulu apha abalamleli musa kumphelisa nezesayensi. Kodwa akukho nokuba zingaphi izimvo, lihlala ixabiso ekuzibonakaliseni thotho phylogenetic njengoko ubungqina bhetyebhetye yendaleko izinto eziphilayo neemeko zokusingqongileyo ukutshintsha.

Unxibelelwano Ukudaleka amahashe kunye nokusingqongileyo

izifundo ezininzi iye yaqinisekisa paleontologists theory O. V. Kovalevskogo ubuhlobo phakathi utshintsho amathambo iminyanya amahashe kunye utshintsho lobume. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwakhokelela ekuncipheni zamahlathi, kwaye iminyanya odnopalyh ayabulala izilwanyana nezakutshanje kubomi emaqeleni. Need intshukumo ekhawulezileyo ukumqumbisa uguqulelo lwesakhiwo kunye nani leminwe kwi eziphelweni, utshintsho asemzimbeni kunye amazinyo.

Ikhonkco yokuqala kwikhonkco

Xa babungabandi yokuqala, ngolokuqala ihashe prapredok mihla waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 eyadlulayo. Oku "ihashe eliphantsi" okanye Eohippus, apho ubukhulu nenja (30 cm), yayisekelwe lonke unyawo umlenze, leyo amane (ngaphambili) kunye (ngasemva) umnwe ezintathu iimpuphu amancinci. Ndatya namahlumela eogippus kunye namagqabi yaye amazinyo sofele. Dun imibala kunye iinwele inqabe kwi nomsila ezinokususwa - oku kumntu zikude amahashe namaqwarha ehlabathini.

intermediates

Malunga 25 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye emaqeleni baqalisa ukuza utshintsho ehlathini. Kule Miocene (kwiminyaka nezigidi ezingama-20 eyadlulayo) mesohippus apho kunye parahippus abasebefe ezifana namahashe mihla. A ngokhokho lokuqala herbivorous kolu thotho phylogenetic uthathwa ukuba ihashe kunye merikgippusa pliogippusa ukuba baye kwibala ubomi iminyaka yezigidi emibini eyadlulayo. Hipparion - ikhonkco yokugqibela emithathu-Umbala

Le ukhokho owayehlala Miocene kunye Pliocene ezinkqantsoni North America, Asia and Afrika. Le ihashe tridactyl, Ufana ibhadi, akukhange kube uphuphu, kodwa abaleke nkqi, Zitya ingca kwaye olithabathayo intsimi enkulu.

Odnopalaya horse - pliogippus

Aba bameli odnopalye kuvela kwiminyaka 5 million eyadlulayo kule kwintsimi efanayo hipparions. iimeko zokusingqongileyo ukutshintsha - babe koma kubalele, emathafeni kunye ikhule kakhulu. Apha naye odnopalost inkalo ebaluleke ngakumbi ukuze siphile. Ezi zamahashe ubude kwaye 1.2 egxalabeni eemitha, waba 19 izibini iimbambo kunye nezihlunu ezomeleleyo emilenzeni. Amazinyo baye baba izizithsaba elide nezibaya wayesebenzisa esibekwa lwesamente.

Ihashe eqhelekileyo

ihashe Modern njengenyathelo lokugqibela kolu thotho phylogenetic wabonakala ngasekupheleni Neogene, yaye ekupheleni yokugqibela ubudala ice (malunga 10,000 eyadlulayo) eYurophu Asia sele izigidi yamahashe kudla. Ngoxa imizamo abazingeli eyayingekaphuhli kunye nokuncitshiswa zaluswa wenza ihashe nokunqaba lasendle sele kwiminyaka 4000 eyadlulayo. Kodwa ezimbini zenyathi ayo - le tarpan eRashiya Przewalski ihashe e Mongolia - akwazi ukubamba phandle ixesha elide ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye.

amahashe zasendle

Namhlanje, le amahashe lasendle lingaba beziphantse ukumka. Russia ithathwa ziphele Tarpan kunye Przewalski ihashe endle lungenzeki. Ikhohliwe imihlambi amahashe ezitya ngokukhululekileyo, - iphetshana esathathwa zizilwanyana zasekhaya. Ezo amahashe nangona yaye ngokukhawuleza wabubuyisela kwakuloo mntwana ubomi asendle, kodwa eyahlukileyo emile ngamahashe zasendle oyinyaniso.

Baye avuse elide kunye nemisila, yaye lunga-. Kakhulu ihashe buckskin kunye Przewalski amahashe zasendle ziye myshastye ngokungathi beyibuza isikiwe, avuse kunye nemisila.

E Central nakumNtla Melika, amahashe zasendle ziye ezisula ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle amaNdiya wabonakala khona kuphela emva kokufika abamhlophe kwinkulungwane XV. inzala esathathwa zamahashe conquistadors kwaye kwanika ukonyuka kuye imihlambi emininzi Mustangs, inani leyo ilawulwa ngokudubula namhlanje.

Ngaphandle mustangs e North America kukho iintlobo ezimbini amahashe siqithi zasendle - kwiziqithi Assateague kunye Sable. neenkomo semi-zasendle amahashe camargue afumaneka kumazantsi eFransi. Ezintabeni kunye imigxobhozo ye-UK, nathi, ungakwazi ukufumana ezinye amahashe zasendle.

Thanda amahashe zethu

Umntu walawula isimo nehashe wamngenisa iintlobo yakhe ngaphezu kwama-300. Ukusuka heavyweight ku amahashe omncinane kunye nawaphi na uhlanga eyinzwana. malunga 50 ukwandisa amahashe yakhulela eRashiya. Eyona idumileyo - i Orlov Trotter. Kuphela umbala omhlophe, kukuqhuqha obalaseleyo ngokukhawuleza - ezi mpawu kangaka Count Orlov, ekuthiwa ngunozala kule uhlobo.