Uncedo Kazakhstan: yeentlango, ebuntlangorha, emaqeleni. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan umfula

Kazakhstan usizo ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ukuze ubone oku, lwanele ubuncinane nhla imephu ebonakalayo kweli lizwe. Kodwa siza kuyenza ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi yaye iinkcukacha ukukuxelela malunga iintaba, amathafa, iintlango, imilambo kunye elinye lawona naseAsiya.

Geography of Kazakhstan (ngokufutshane): indawo kunye nemida

Kazakhstan - lizwe inkulu landlocked ehlabathini (ndithetha ezo States abangalenzanga wahlamba yeHlabathi Ocean). indawo yayo million 2,72 macala onke. M. km kwaye ubude somda - ngaphezulu kwe-13 ophosa. Ukongeza, lelona lizwe yesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini phakathi kwabo apho ezise- iinxalenye ezimbini zehlabathi (nge Kazakhstan uphawula umda phakathi Europe kunye Asia).

A indawo enkulu lizwe ubukhulu becala imisela ukwahluka-mhlaba kunye nezakhiwo zendalo. Geography Kazakhstan umdla kwaye zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Interesting nto: nakuba kwindawo mhlaba omkhulu, ezintlanu kuphela abamelwane Kazakhstan. Kuyinto ngqo kwi kumda kunye neTshayina, iRashiya, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan kunye Kyrgyzstan.

Umda phakathi Europe kunye Asia sibanjwa kummandla Aktobe ngaphakathi elizweni. Amaninzi kuliwa phezu izigingqi esempuma Mugodzhary, ngoko ngaphaya komlambo Emba kunye noLwandle lweCaspian.

Kazakhstan isiqabu zizakubalulwa high umehluko. Ukuhla nkqo iyonke kwilizwe kweemitha ngaphezu 7000! Kazakhstan Imozulu - epholileyo elizwekazi kunokuba owomileyo. Ehlotyeni kukho nolophu umzimba, yaye ebusika - kakhulu abandayo (degrees phantsi ku -40 Celsius). entwasahlobo Ekuqaleni Kazakhstan ukuchasana zemozulu ngokuthe ingakumbi xa ngasentla nangoku nokugubha kwekhephu zasezantsi imithi kuye kwanda.

Emva koko, siya uchaze iinkcukacha ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni na iimpawu umdla ukukhululeka Kazakhstan. Apho kweli lizwe uyakwazi ukubona iintaba? Apho ke emathafeni, nalapho - entlango?

iimpawu eziqhelekileyo Kazakhstan isiqabu

Malunga ne-15% yommandla ekuhlala iintaba kunye nasentshonalanga, malunga nama-30% - eyona amathafa agudle,-10% - ukudakumba, 45% - entlango kunye nezo zibuntlangorha. Ezo namageduka ezahlukeneyo Kazakhstan wachaza isakhiwo kakhulu entsonkothileyo zejoloji ndawo. Ilizwe ibekwe kwindawo apho idibane iqonga ezinzileyo East-European, ibhanti Alpine ezinokususwa nezakhiwo isongiwe nebhanti phambene-Mongolian.

iimpawu ezizodwa isiqabu ka Kazakhstan Kwakhona kukho ukuhla kakhulu kwamanani kokuwa ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, indawo usezantsi kweli lizwe ukwakweli elunxwemeni loLwandle lweCaspian (Karagiye, 132 leemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle). Nantsi ke indawo ephakeme phantse ufikelela mitha 7000 (kwincopho Khan Tengri kwi kumzantsi-mpuma lizwe).

Iintaba aphezulu Kazakhstan buzinze ecaleni imida lwasempuma kumzantsi-mpuma karhulumente. It zeAltai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau kunye Tien Shan. Ukongeza, entla na kwincam esemazantsi phambene yentaba.

Ezinkqantosini Kazakhstan afumaneka phaya entla, kuloo embindini kunye kumntla-ntshona karhulumente. Entshona nakwelasezantsi esilawulwa esesihlanjeni. Ukusuka emantla ukuya kumazantsi eli lizwe usika elide Turgai emkhombeni apho ukwenza indlela yayo imilambo ezimbini enkulu Kazakhstan - Tobol kunye Turgay.

Intlango bahlale ezindaweni ezinkulu entshona (kummandla lweCaspian) emzantsi kumbindi-mpuma kweli lizwe.

Hydrology Kazakhstan

Ngaphakathi lizwe iqhuba ngaphezulu kwama 85 amawaka imijelo yamanzi yendalo. Imilambo inkulu Kazakhstan - i phambene, Tobol, Ishim, Ili kunye Syr Darya. Uthungelwano umlambo kakhulu ashinyeneyo na uphawu kummandla weentaba, yaye iphantsi i waphawula kwi iindawo kwiintalango. Uninzi lwemilambo Kazakhstan ukuba athwale amanzi yabo Aral kunye lweCaspian Seas.

Abaninzi Kazakhstan kunye namachibi. Nakuba kunjalo, imizimba omkhulu wamanzi, ogama ndawo lidlula kweekhilomitha ezili-100 isikwere, 21. kuphela Phakathi kwabo - i lweCaspian noLwandle Aral, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol kunye nabanye. Uninzi amachibi kweli lizwe buzinze neziphaluka zayo esemantla central.

Ku Kazakhstan, kukho kwakhona 13 okugcina ngumntu. Umthamo uwonke wamanzi amatsha olunikezelweyo malunga 87 amawaka cubic. km.

Kazakh emathafeni

Emaqeleni and semi-intlango igubungele lilonke malunga ne-70% yommandla lizwe Central Asia. Uninzi sites zabo kwimo yalo yantlandlolo okanye njengoko eguqulwe yimisebenzi yabantu ayinamsebenzi.

Kazakhstan emathafeni yolula ibhanti ebanzi phantse 2000 yeekhilomitha ukusuka phambene River valley esentshona ukuya zeAltai Iintaba - empumalanga. Ngokwemiqathango indawo lelona uluhlu inkulu komhlaba emathafeni owomileyo ehlabathini. Imozulu yi elizwekazi owomileyo kunene: avareji imvula yonyaka kunqabile idlula 350-400 mm.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala ukufuma Kazakhstan emaqeleni utyani inqabile, kukho phantse kungekho mithi. Kodwa ke zizityebi izilwanyana kunye neentlobo neyantlukwano. Apha iindidi eqhelekileyo ezincancisayo ezizodwa: yiSAIGA, KwiMarmot, pika emathafeni, nebhadi, nelinqa kunye nabanye. Akukho avifauna ngaphantsi zizityebi yalo mmandla. Kumathafa Kazakhstan, unako njengexhalanga, kwaMagwangqa omnyama, nengcwangube ezipinki, nengwamza omnyama, flamingo, nonomakhwezana, eagle yegolide, ukhozi emhlophe-tailed ukufumana.

Eyona intle kwaye nentle Kazakh emathafeni entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni phakathi kaMeyi. Yaba ngeli xesha kukho poppy eqhubela phambili, irises kunye nezinye imibala ezininzi eqaqambileyo, sijike izimvi indawo, abaphili ikhaphethi bala amawaka yezityalo lokudubula yasendle.

Kazakh intlango

Koozintlango, ebuntlangorha uphethe phantse isiqingatha kummandla Kazakhstan. Bona ndasolula strip phantse rhoqo zonxweme woLwandle Aral ukuya kwiintaba inxalenye okwimpuma yeli lizwe. Kazakhstan akulahle enkulu kakuhle kakubi; ukuba umhlaba kunqabile tyaba kwaye zasendle nowokuchwayita kwiilali ezincinane kunye neenduli ubangel okanye ngabahambi zeenkamela phlegmatic.

Phakathi entlango Kazakhstan wadibana iintlobo ngeentlobo ntlobo genetic: elulwalwa, isanti, ilitye nakhandiweyo, udongwe kunye saline.

Desert Betpak Dala indawo malunga 75.000 ezikwere zeekhilomitha, sikweyona intliziyo lizwe. Inkululeko ibonelelwe tyaba ethafeni ukuphakama avareji kweemitha 300-400. Ehlotyeni ezishushu kakhulu kwaye owomileyo, imvula ngaphantsi kwe-150 mm ngonyaka. Le misinga entlango bandlala umgxobhozo wetyuwa kunye engaqhelekanga emibonweni angaphandle takyrs yayo.

Ukuya emazantsi Bet-Pak-Dala ibekwe Moyynkum Sands. Ngokutsho kule ndawo bumane phantse isiqingatha. In Ngasemzantsi ngumda ezintabeni eziphakamileyo Karatau kunye Kyrgyz Alatau. Ngako oko, indawo umlinganiselo ophezulu - iimitha 700-800. Imozulu iwela 300 mm ngonyaka ngamnye ukuba athambe kancinane, komoya. kwiindawo ezininzi entlango esetyenziswa yi bendawo amadlelo iinkomo.

Izakhiwo ibhanti yentaba phambene

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, ngaphakathi Kazakhstan i kwincam esemazantsi entabeni lizwe phambene. Apha ke thaca Preduralsky kunye Zauralskaya ihewu iintaba Mugodzhary, kwakunye emile ezininzi ezincinane emikhulu (Shirkala, Shoshkakol kunye nabanye).

ihewu Preduralsky Wasolula phakathi esemazantsi lweCaspian entshona kunye Mugodzhary ngasempumalanga. Ngokuthe ngcembe kunciphisa ukuya entshona nomzantsi-ntshona, inguqu kwamagingxi ebonaka- slaboholmistuyu. I-avareji ukuphakama yasethafeni - 150-300 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Mugodzhary - ntaba egqithiseleyo emazantsi eentaba phambene kunye yokuphakama ukuya kwiimitha 657 (kwincopho yeNtaba Boktybay). Ezi ezintabeni, enyanisweni, bamele nomxokelelwane ophantsi basezintabeni nzulu wambu izityalo kwaphela. Iindawo relict Ashera ezinde. Mugodzhary - zingumthombo obalulekileyo zempahla ekrwada e-Kazakhstan. Apha geni uhlalutye enye ilitye isakhiwo kunye.

Mountains of mpuma nomzantsi-mpuma Kazakhstan

Le nxalenye weentaba Kazakhstan - empumalanga engasezantsi, nakwintshonalanga engasentla yelo lizwe. Apha ayafika zibe zeAltai kunye Tarbagatai isitya ezahlulwe of Lake Zaisan. Kunye emideni kunye China kunye Kyrgyzstan ndasolula i Tien-shan. Hi ndlela leyi, nantsi le ndawo iphakamileyo kweli lizwe. Xa inxalenye kumzantsi-mpuma Kazakhstan iqela iintaba eziphakamileyo: Karatau, Junggar kunye Ile Alatau, Toksanbay kunye nabanye.

Ngaphakathi kummandla Karaganda na Karkaralinsky Iintaba. Le uluhlu ubunjwe kakhulu zelitye lenyengane, quartzite kunye porphyrites aziwayo needipozithi etyebileyo ores polymetallic.

Emzantsi kukho xitsunga elikhulu ezintle kakhulu Karatau (i Tien Shan). Kukho iindawo ezininzi Indoda yakudala zifunyenweyo. Ngesi siganeko, lo kummango na umviwa kokufakwa ikhusela UNESCO. Afanayo ezintsonkothileyo Karatau zeengxondorha ezahlukeneyo: sandstones, shales, limestones, kunye nezinye. imida yayo iinkqubo karst yandile ngezimanga. Kumathambeka lomgodi Karatau uranium iphuhlisiwe, intsimbi, nezentsimbi ekrwada, ngokunjalo phosphate.

ithafa Mangyshlak

ihewu Mangyshlak (Mangystau okanye) ibekwe kwi usingasiqithi enye kwintshona kweli lizwe. avareji ukuphakama kwayo - 200-300 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ukususela kwihewu ngasentla erhangqwe ezintabeni ezisezintabeni of Mangistau ukuya kwiimitha 556. Empumalanga, udlula kakuhle kwi osecaleni ithafa Ustyurt.

Kukho iinguqulelo ubuncinane ezimbini ngemvelaphi igama lehewu. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "Mangistau" liguqulelwe ukusuka Kazakh ulwimi ngokuthi "ubusika eliwaka." Kodwa Turkmen umphandi K. Annaniyazov elithi "mangylshak" bubonakala "kwilali enkulu." Kumaxesha Soviet, kuba le isinxibo Udibi igama Mangyshlak, kodwa Kazakhstan yanamhlanje igama lakhe sele ngokwahlukileyo - Mangystau.

"Desert. Ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle izityalo - yes ilitye isanti "- kangaka kuchazwe ezi ndawo edumileyo imbongi Ukrainian Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Eneneni, isimo sezulu kakhulu elizwekazi owomileyo kakhulu, imilambo kunye kwamanzi ongatshiyo phantse namnye. Le ndawo lwendawo hlabathi osisityebi kwanezeentaka, apho kukho ngaphezu kukho amakhulu bezicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo.

Mangyshlak Plateau obuninzi kwezimbiwa. Kukho iidipozithi yeoli, ikopolo, manganese ore, crystal iliwa kunye phosphate rock. Mangyshlak kwakhona eninzi ngemithombo ephilisa amanzi kwezimbiwa: chloride, bromide kunye sodium.

I umdla kakhulu ethafeni Mangyshlak? Singasathethi ke ukuthi ngo kwisiphelo yayo yasempuma kwasekwa Karagiye ekhethekileyo - i zinzulu e Kazakhstan kunye enye zinzulu ehlabathini. Kubhaliwe okwa-132 yeemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.

lweCaspian Depression

Phezu iintaba, amathafa, emaqeleni neentlango of Kazakhstan, sele wamxelela. Kodwa kuba inkcazelo isiqabu beli lizwe akaphelelanga ngaphandle ukukhankanywa nezihlambo zazo ezinkulu.

LweCaspian Depression - ummandla omkhulu kule ndawo amawaka 200 ezikwere zeekhilomitha (malunga kwindawo enye eyayikuyo Republic of Belarus). Oku erhangqwe inxalenye esemntla kuLwandle lweCaspian. Kulo mzekelo, i umda ngentla esesihlanjeni, neenduli Eliqhelekileyo Syrt, bese nasekutshoneni - i phambene kunye Ustyurt ithafa. Esezantsi ifomu kakhulu umgangatho ogudileyo, bathanda kancinane ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian. Ubude okukhulu kuluhlu lawo imitha -30 ukuya 150 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle.

nelezihlambo lweCaspian sawela intlambo imilambo ezintlanu: iVolga, phambene, Emba, Terek kunye Kuma. Phakathi emathafeni - eninzi amachibi nzulu, ukusuka apho ityuwa misela ukuba ngenkuthalo.

Imozulu yi kakhulu elizwekazi owomileyo, imimoya ezishushu rhoqo. Kumntla yasezithabazini bakhule emathafeni ngumhlonyane-ingca, nakwelasezantsi esilawulwa intlango kunye nezo zibuntlangorha nenkangeleko. Kudla kukho ilukhothayo ityuwa kunye nezimbuku yetyuwa. Bendawo usebenzise lweCaspian esesihlanjeni, njengoko amadlelo enkulu. Kukwakhulisa Imifuno kunye nevatala.

Ephakeme kunazo ku Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - etsolo pyramidal kwincopho Tien shan, indawo ephakeme Kazakhstan. Ubude ngokupheleleyo zeentaba - 6995 mitha, ngenjongo yeqokobhe ice - 7010 eemitha.

Ngokusemthethweni Mount Khan-Tengri yi ekwahlukaneni kweendlela yamazwe amathathu: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan neChina - ngaloo nto leyo ebonisa uxolo kunye nobuhlobo phakathi kwamazwe amathathu. Eyokuqala kwimbali kule ntaba climbers woyisa Soviet uMikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin kunye Franz Zauberer. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1931. Eli qela yambethe kakuhle xa kuhlaselwa Basmachi - kuzinze abo balwa nxamnye Amaqumrhu e-Central Asia.

6 iinyani ezinika umdla malunga encotsheni Khan Tengri:

• e kwincopho kukho igama yesibini - Intaba Ngegazi (ngenxa yenani elikhulu climbers abafa ngexesha enjengokugwencela kuyo);
• namhlanje kukho iindlela 25 ezahlukeneyo, onokuwatshintsha ekhwela encotsheni;
• kumphezulu kungcwatywa capsule eyodwa apho bonke climbers zekhefu iziphakamiso zabo alandelayo nabanqobi yayo;
• eyaziwa ebona Anatoly Bukreyev ogama le kwincopho kakhulu sihle emhlabeni;
• ngo-2002 e Kyrgyzstan wakhupha hlobo of soms 100 kunye umfanekiso kwincopho;
• irekhodi amawa uninzi Khan Tengri i ebona Gleb Sokolov evela naseNovosibirsk, ngubani wavuka waya encotsheni izihlandlo 34!