Umthetho wokuqala nowesibini obizwa

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele umthetho wokuqala nowesibini obizwa, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuba lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "obizwa". Kulo mzekelo, igama uthetha ukuba ngokwayo: kulula ukujonga amanye amabini - "thermal" yaye "onamandla". Xa Greek uphendulela "lobushushu ubushushu" nelithi "amandla, intshukumo, utshintsho." Ngamanye amazwi, obizwa imele enye amasebe yemvelo, iimpawu ukuguqulwa ubushushu kwezinye iintlobo zamandla kunye vice versa nokufunda. Kulo mzekelo isindululo wobushushu yezinto sekuba (athom, iimolekyuli, amasuntswana) ayifakwanga phakathi uthe kwicandelo kwaye ifundwa kwezinye iindawo yenzululwazi. Obizwa sikwachaphazela iinkqubo yonke macro, obubonakala ngokuba yi-mali, uxinzelelo njalo njalo.

Le isayensi isekelwe phezu kwezinye iimpawu ezingundoqo (zero, kuqala, umthetho wesibini obizwa), zokuphelisa postulates. Babezimisele ngokomfuniselo yaye yaqinisekiswa izibalo theoretical component. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo ngqo kuphela, ukususela ekuqaleni imveliso ngqo omnye komnye akwenzeki.

Kukho ezine ekuqaleni - kunye zero ngomhla wesithathu. Makhe mbonise intsingiselo ngamnye kubo. Zero mthetho obizwa ithi ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo ijonge ukuba sizinze thermodynamic, ukuze ekugqibeleni kukho ukulingana kunye yokuduka isenzo lwangaphandle. Kubekho inkqubo ekwanti ngonaphakade.

Enye yezinto eziphambili - lowo ke umyalelo wokuqala obizwa. Ekuqaleni laliqulunqwe ngenkulungwane ye-19. Enyanisweni, lo ngowona mthetho ulawula yolondolozo amandla ngokunxulumene kwenzeka ntoni macrosystems iinkqubo thermodynamic. Hi ndlela leyi, oko kudla kunye ngoncedo le postulate wakhanyela ukuba kungenzeka ngokubakho umatshini motion ngonaphakade, kuba ukwenza umsebenzi eziyimfuneko ukuze banxibelelane ngaphandle kwezinye amandla. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwinkqubo ekwanti evaliweyo ixabiso amandla isoloko efanayo.

Umthetho wesibini obizwa liqhelekile wonke ukususela ebuntwaneni. Ngokutsho kwakhe, amandla thermal angakwazi zikhutshwe kwicala elinye kuphela - liqumrhu ezifudumeleyo ukuya evuthayo kangako. Ngokomzekelo, kutheni ebusika kwisitrato kubonakala ukuba ebandayo, ekubeni ubushushu kokugquma lingaphantsi kunolo umzimba womntu, nto leyo ebangela ubushushu. Umthetho wesibini obizwa yenye yezona edumileyo. Enye neziphumo zayo kubonisa ukuba amandla lwangaphakathi yonke le nkqubo ayikwazi ukuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi luncedo. Yintoni umdla kukuba, umthetho wesibini obizwa ezi ngokwezibalo ukunikeza. Ngokubeka iziqu ezininzi iimvavanyo, le ndlela kususelwe, kamva yamkelwa ibe saziwe.

Yeyiphi yenye imiba okuluphawu umthetho wesibini obizwa? Entropy! Eli gama lesiGrike lithetha "yenguqu." Entropy na uphawu nayiphi na inkqubo thermodynamic kwaye umsebenzi karhulumente. Ngokubanzi kokuba kuthathwe ukuba entropy ibonisa ukuzibophelela nayiphi na inkqubo disorder. R. Clausius, owoyiswayo elithi iinkqubo thermodynamic njengoko ingcaciso wanika umzekelo wamanzi yingqele: ukumela amanzi kwi imeko ulwelo kwi umda zero degrees Celsius. Kubalulekile ukuba ingxelo inxalenye ethile amandla wangaphandle, kwanele ukuba ukungalingani, ulwelo lujika lube kwimeko eqinileyo (ice). Xa kwakhululwa le utshintsho ngenxa kubume lwangaphakathi lwe-eneji. Kulo mzekelo, yinkqubo ingathityazwa. Ngako oko, utshintsho entropy kukho umlinganiselo kwesixa-mali sisonke wamandla thermal nexabiso lobushushu elililo. Esinye seziphumo kubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezivaliweyo ngaphandle impembelelo lwangaphandle entropy ukunyuka.