Yintoni na uhlobo zazivelela nokuba kuthe ekuhlaleni?

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo abantu baye bafumana iintsalela amarhamncwa iintlanga. amathambo idayinaso Giant, Skulls azo saber-sengathi kunye mammoths lubonisa ukuba ilizwe ngaphambili sele umiwe zezinye izilwanyana eziliqela kunye nezityalo ngaphezu kwabo sibona namhlanje. Ngowe-1575, enye ingcali yenzululwazi evela eFransi, uBernard Palissy yaba inventri bafumana amathambo, ukuthelekisa nabo isakhiwo wequmrhu eziphilayo mihla. Ukuba babengaqhelananga ingqikelelo yintoni buxoki, kunjalo bafumanisa ukuba iintsalela ndingenguye naziphi na iintlobo isetyenziswayo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, wagqiba kwelokuba iintlobo azikho lecebo.

Darwin ngenkulungwane XIX, le meko aliyi kuvulwa, kwaye wazama ukucacisa into yokuzivelela nokuba kwenzeka njani. yokufaneleka lwayo usendleleni yokuba ubeke phambili kwaye likugqinile ngobhalo ukhetho zendalo. Nge utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye kukho amathuba kwimbali zomhlaba, kukho ezininzi, kukho inkqubo ufune ababuthathaka, bengakwazi ukumelana neemeko ukutshintsha, iintlobo, enika indawo iintlobo ezintsha ngempumelelo ngakumbi ebomini. Le yokuzivelela isebenza uhlobo, xa amagqabi elinamandla ngamnye emva inzala, ibe buthathaka - ofayo, kwaye abaqhubeki ugqatso.

Yintoni kwemvelo - izazinzulu babesazi ngayo kokuba Darwin, abathatha inxaxheba embryogenesis, okt kuphandwe uphuhliso olungekazalwa. Latin «evolutio» (deployment) bachasa igama ngalinye Latin - «revolutio» (revolution). Ukubukela, ezifana iigilizi osandul abangabantu indawo imiphunga, zazivelela babekholelwa ukuba isakhiwo izigaba kubomi iqanda aqhamileyo wabeka phantsi ekuqaleni yaye kuphela ukuvela, yaye revolyutsionisty waluthethelela imbono eyahlukileyo: umbungu similise kule ndawo "engenanto".

Nangona kunjalo, lo mpikiswano kwi kude kubomi bemihla ngemihla emhlabeni yesayensi. Nangona mbono osandul yaphuka iintshuntshe, Darwin wathi esidlangalaleni oko kukuthi ngendaleko kwindalo. Ungqinile ukuba zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuphuhlisa, ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo; kwaye kukho ezininzi bamasebe isiphelo kwabafileyo-, ebe icinyiwe, abakwazi ukumelana nemozulu kwimbali iplanethi yethu. Oku kwabangela isiyaluyalu phakathi kwindalo, ababekholelwa ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo uThixo wadala ukuba ngemihla kwasekudalweni kwehlabathi, kwaye ngendlela apho sibona namhlanje.

Le Ukudaleka kwihlabathi ephilayo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba le ndoda yema bephuma iinkawu zinkulu Ukukhetha zendalo. Ngoku, kwinkulungwane xxi, akukho namnye eliphikisa kwemvelo - luyinyani aqinisekisiweyo. Ingxelo yefosili - ngongqameko lwamatye komhlaba - ibonisa ukuba eziphila wabonakala Devon, izirhubuluzi - in Carbone nezilwanyana - kwi Triassic. Ngaphezu koko, ngoku ukuba kwihlabathi lilonke apho izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zamntu bafuduselwe kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ngokwemiqathango warming kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba ukukhethwa yendalo iyaqhubeka ukusebenza.

Sele umhlobo phezulu kunye nembali yoluntu ivelisa ukuzithemba phakathi Homo sapiens kwiintlobo kuluntu njengoko utshintsho kwindaleko. Ngoko nangoko emva yokuvela Darwin xa inzululwazi isosioloji theory wangena ukuba zazivelela yoluntu udlula phezu imithetho efanayo, njengoko endle. Comte wayekholelwa ukuba parameters eziphambili lophuhliso lwentlalo na ulwazi kunye nenkqubela lweteknoloji. Spencer nawo wabona ngendaleko zintsonkothe kwi izakhiwo yoluntu, abadlala amalungelo ebalulekileyo kakhulu ngabanye. A sisiqinisekiso utshintsho yoluntu ingcamango abangabaxhasi bakaMarx ke kubudlelwane.